Iwe unoshandisa zvishandiso mazuva ese zvinoda microcontroller kushanda. A microcontroller ndeye diki, yakachipa komputa pane chip. Inonziwo singlechip. Inodzora mamwe mabasa mukati memudziyo. Iyi diki sisitimu ine ndangariro, yekupinda uye yekubuda zvikamu, uye processor pamwe chete. Iwe unowana microcontroller mune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa. Inoita kudzora mabasa nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, unoona microcontrollers mu:
Vagadziri vekofi, kwavanoisa tembiricha uye nguva yekubika.
IoT zvishandiso, kwavanomhanyisa smart thermostats uye kuchengetedza masisitimu.
A microcontroller ndeye diki, yakakwana unit yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa kwakadzikwa.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
A microcontroller kakombiyuta kadiki pane chip. Inodzora mabasa mumidziyo yakawanda. Iyo ine CPU, ndangariro, uye yekupinda / kubuda zvikamu pamwechete muyuniti imwe.
Microcontrollers ari muzvinhu zvatinoshandisa mazuva ese. Unogona kuzviwana mumotokari, vagadziri vekofi, uye zvishandiso zvakangwara. Vanobatsira kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande zvoga uye kuchengetedza nguva.
Iyo singlechip dhizaini ye microcontrollers inochengetedza nzvimbo uye simba. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive huru kune diki uye yakaderera-simba kushandiswa.
Microcontrollers haina kufanana ne microprocessors. Microcontrollers vanoita mabasa akakosha. Microprocessors inoita mabasa akaomarara uye inoda zvimwe zvikamu.
Unogona chirongwa microcontrollers kumba nezvishandiso zviri nyore. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti ugadzire mapurojekiti ako uye kudzora zvishandiso zviri nyore.
Microcontroller Basics
Chii chinonzi Microcontroller
A microcontroller yakafanana nekombiyuta duku yakagadzirirwa basa rimwe chete. Idiki chip inoita mamwe mabasa mumudziyo. Iwe unoiwana muzvinhu zvinomhanyisa zvirongwa zviri nyore, sekubatidza marambi kana kutarisa masensa. Iyo microcontroller unit, kana MCU, ine zvikamu zvese zvinodiwa kudzora mudziyo pane imwe chip. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakasiyana neyakajairwa komputa chip, inoda zvimwe zvimedu kuti ishande.
Heino tafura inoratidza kuti microcontroller uye microprocessor zvakasiyana sei:
mamiriro | Microcontroller | Microprocessors |
|---|---|---|
Kubatanidzwa | Iva neCPU, ndangariro, uye I/O pane imwe chip. | Inoda kunze ndangariro uye zvimwe zvikamu. |
Applications | Yakanakira mabasa akakosha, mashoma-simba. | Yakanakira mabasa ese, anokurumidza. |
mutambo | Yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba, inoshanda nekumhanya zvishoma. | Yakagadzirirwa mabasa akaomarara, inomhanya nekukurumidza. |
Mari yekushanda | Yakachipa uye iri nyore kuronga. | Mari yakawanda uye inoda hunyanzvi hwakakosha. |
Microcontrollers anoshandiswa kana iwe uchida diki saizi, yakaderera simba, uye nyore hurongwa. Ndiko kusaka uchivaona muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa mazuva ese.
Singlechip Structure
Iyo singlechip dhizaini inoita kuti microcontroller ive yakakosha. Iwe unowana iyo CPU, ndangariro, uye yekupinda / kubuda (I / O) madoko ese mune imwe chip. Izvi zvinochengetedza nzvimbo uye simba mune yakamisikidzwa system. Haudi zvimwe zvikamu kuti uzviite. Iwe unogona kuisa singlechip mumidziyo midiki, uye ichiri kushanda nemazvo.
Tip: Iyo singlechip dhizaini inokubatsira iwe kuvaka zvishandiso zvidiki, zvakachipa, uye zvakanyanya kuvimbika. Iwe haufanire kubatanidza akawanda machipisi.
Kushandisa singlechip kunoita kuti mudziyo wako uve nyore kuronga uye nyore. Inoderedzawo mari uye inoshandisa simba shoma. Ichi ndicho chikonzero singlechip microcontrollers inowanikwa mumatoyi, maturusi ekurapa, nezvimwe.
Makiyi Makuru
Yese microcontroller ine zvikamu zvikuru zvinoibatsira kushanda. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva aya mamicrocontroller ekutanga kuti unzwisise kuti zvishandiso zvinofambisa sei zvirongwa.
Heano zvinhu zvakakosha zvaunowana mune akawanda mamicrocontrollers:
chikamu | basa |
|---|---|
Central Kugadzira Chikamu | Anomhanya mirairo uye anoita masvomhu, achiita sepakati. |
ndangariro | Iine chirongwa chekuyeuka (flash) yekodhi uye data memory (RAM) yezvinosiyana. |
Kupinza/Kubuda (I/O) | Inobatanidza kune yekunze nyika nemapini, nguva, uye zviteshi zvekutaurirana. |
Kuvhiringidza Controller | Inosarudza kuti ndeipi chikamu chinogona kumisa CPU, saka mabasa akakosha anotanga aitwa. |
Timer/Counter | Inoverenga nguva nezviitiko, zvinodiwa pakuronga nguva. |
Debugging Unit | Inobatsira kuwana nekugadzirisa matambudziko esoftware, kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande zvirinani. |
Interfaces | Rega iyo microcontroller itaure kune mamwe maturusi uchishandisa SPI, USB, nezvimwe. |
CPU: Uhwu ndihwo huropi hweiyo microcontroller. Inofambisa mirairo yaunopa.
Memory: Kune mhando mbiri huru. Volatile memory (RAM) inokurumidza asi inorasa data kana simba radzimwa. Non-volatile memory (flash) inochengeta data kunyangwe simba raenda. Iwe unoshandisa isina-inovhurika ndangariro yechirongwa chako uye data yakakosha.
I / O Zviteshi zvengarava: Izvi zvinorega iyo microcontroller ichitaura kune zvinhu zvekunze. Unogona kubatanidza mabhatani, masensa, marambi, kana mota.
Peripherals: Aya ndiwo mamwe maficha, senge nguva, zviverengero, uye zviteshi zvekutaurirana. Ivo vanobatsira mudziyo wako kuita zvakawanda pasina mamwe machipi.
A microcontroller inokodzera yakawanda mudiki chip. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kune zvishandiso zvinoda kuve zvidiki, zvakachipa, uye zviri nyore kuronga. Paunodzidza microcontroller basic, unoona kuti sei singlechip dhizaini ichibatsira zvakanyanya kune yakamisikidzwa sisitimu.
Ainoita
Component Kudyidzana
Mukati meiyo microcontroller, zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvinoshanda pamwechete. The CPU ipfungwa. Inoverenga mirairo uye inoita sarudzo. ndangariro inochengeta chirongwa chako uye inochengeta data. Input/Output (I/O) zviteshi batsira iyo microcontroller kutaura kune zvimwe zvinhu. Iwe unogona kubatanidza masensa, mabhatani, kana mota kune aya madoko.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) - inoshandisa mirairo uye inodzora mabasa.
ndangariro - inochengeta chirongwa chako uye data remabasa.
Input/Output (I/O) Ports -Rega iyo microcontroller itaure nemidziyo senge sensors uye skrini.
The CPU anowana mirairo kubva mundangariro. Inoshandisa I / O ports kuwana data kana kutumira zviratidzo. Zvikamu izvi zvinoshanda pamwechete kupedza mabasa nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka.
Cherechedza: Microcontrollers dzinoshandisa nzira dzakakosha dzekutaura kune mamwe maturusi. Unogona kuona UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, kana USB inoshandiswa kumabasa akasiyana. Imwe neimwe nzira inobatsira iyo microcontroller kugovera data nemasensor, skrini, kana mamwe machipi.
Task Execution
Iwe unogona kuona kuti microcontroller inoshanda sei nemuenzaniso uri nyore. Fungidzira iwe unoda kutarisa tembiricha yekamuri uchishandisa sensor. Iyo microcontroller inoverenga sensor kuburikidza neI / O port. The CPU anotarisa iyi data uye anotarisa kana tembiricha yakanyanya. Kana zvirizvo, iyo microcontroller inotumira chiratidzo kuvhura fan.
Heano maitiro anoita iyo microcontroller mabasa aya:
Step | Chii Chinoitika |
|---|---|
1. Verenga Input | Iyo microcontroller inowana data kubva kune tembiricha sensor. |
2. Process Data | The CPU inotarisa tembiricha yakachengetwa mundangariro. |
3. Sarudza Chiito | Iyo microcontroller inofananidza kukosha kune yakatarwa muganhu. |
4. Kudzora Kubuda | Kana zvichidikanwa, iyo microcontroller inobatidza fan ichishandisa I / O port. |
Iyo microcontroller inodzokorora nhanho idzi kakawanda sekondi yega yega. Inotarisa zvinopinda uye inodzora zvinobuda zvichienderana nechirongwa chako. Izvi zvinoita kuti mamicrocontrollers ave akanaka kumabasa anoda mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzakatsiga.
Microcontroller Applications
Microcontroller zvikumbiro zvinobatsira chimiro nyika yaunogara. Aya machipisi madiki ari mukati mezvinhu zvakawanda kumba nekubasa. Vanoita zvirongwa zviri nyore uye vanodzora mabasa anokosha. Iwe unoshandisa microcontroller application mazuva ese, kunyangwe iwe usingavaone.
Mazuva ese Devices
Microcontroller zvikumbiro zviri muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa kumba. Aya machipi anobatsira midziyo yako kushanda zvirinani uye kuchengetedza simba. Hedzino dzimwe nzira dzaunoshandisa nadzo kumba:
Michina yekuwachisa inoshandisa microcontrollers kuseta madhiri ekugeza nemvura.
Air conditioners inoshandura tembiricha uye kumhanya kwe fan ine microcontroller.
Mafiriji anochengeta zvokudya zvichitonhora nekudzora kutonhodza nokubvisa chando.
Microwaves anoshandisa microcontroller kuseta nguva yekubika uye simba.
Smartwatches kuverenga nhanho dzako uye kurova kwemoyo nemamicrocontrollers.
Magetsi eSmart anokutendera kuti uchinje kupenya uye ruvara kubva pafoni yako.
Imba otomatiki masisitimu anobatanidza zvishandiso uye worega iwe uzvidzore.
Iwe unoshandisa microcontroller application mukati smart TV, vatauri, uye matracker ekusimba. Midziyo iyi inounganidza data uye kuita mabasa nekukurumidza. Indaneti yezvinhu inobatanidza zvigadzirwa izvi, zvichiita kuti imba yako ive yakangwara uye kuchengetedza simba.
Indasitiri Inoshandiswa
Microcontroller application yakakosha mumaindasitiri mazhinji. Unovawana mumotokari, mafekitari, zvipatara, uye masisitimu emagetsi. Aya machipisi anomhanyisa zvirongwa zvinobatsira kuti basa riitwe uye kuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakachengeteka.
Motokari: Microcontrollers inodzora injini, rekodha data, uye maneja simba.
Kugadzira: Robhoti uye otomatiki masisitimu anoshandisa microcontroller application.
Simba: Microcontrollers inobatsira kudzora simba uye kugadzirisa masisitimu.
Hutano: Zvishandiso zvinoshandisa microcontroller kutarisa varwere uye maturusi ekudzora.
Robhoti: Microcontroller application inobatsira marobhoti kufamba uye kuita mabasa.
Microcontroller mashandisirwo anoita kuti zvishandiso zvive zvakangwara uye zvakanyanya kuvimbika. Iwe unovaona muinternet yezvinhu, kwavanobatanidza masensa nemichina. Ultra-yakaderera-simba microcontrollers inobatsira zvishandiso kugara kwenguva refu pasina mabhatiri matsva. Izvi zvine basa kune dzimba dzakangwara, hutano hwehutano, uye mafekitori.
Microcontroller inoshandisa simba tekinoroji yanhasi. Iwe unowana nekukurumidza, zvakachengeteka, uye zvirinani zvishandiso mazuva ese. Aya machipi anokubatsira iwe kurarama, kushanda, uye kunakidzwa munyika yakabatana.
Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
Kusiyanisa Kwakakosha
Unogona kushamisika kuti vaviri ava havana kufanana sei. Zvose zvishandiso zvinobatsira zvinoshanda, asi zvakasiyana. A microcontroller ndeye full system pane imwe chip. Iyo ine ndangariro, yekupinza / kubuda madoko, uye CPU pamwe chete. Iwe unowana zvese zvinodiwa pakutonga mune chimwe chikamu chidiki. A microprocessor inongova uropi hwehurongwa. Inoda imwe ndangariro uye yekupinza / yekubuda machipisi kuti ishande.
Heino tafura inoratidza misiyano mikuru:
mamiriro | microprocessor | Microcontroller |
|---|---|---|
ndangariro | Kunze RAM uye ROM | Yakavakwa-mukati RAM uye ROM |
Peripherals | Inoda zvekunze I/O | On-chip I/O (UART, SPI, I2C, GPIO) |
Bus System | Data yekunze uye kero mabhazi | Internal control bhazi |
akitekicha | Von Neumann | Harvard |
Chikamu Count | CPU-chete | CPU + Memory + I/O |
Kuita Mirayiridzo | Sequential | Parallel kuburikidza nemukati mamodule |
A microcontroller anoshandisa Harvard architecture. Izvi zvinoita kuti iwane mirairo uye data panguva imwe chete. Inokurumidza yekutonga mabasa. A microprocessor inoshandisa Von Neumann dhizaini. Pano, chirongwa uye data zvinogovana ndangariro imwechete.
Uchaona kuti a microcontroller inodhura zvishoma uye inoshandisa simba shoma. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka kune zvidiki, zvinofambiswa nebhatiri.
Shandisa Zviitiko
Microcontrollers ari muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa mazuva ese. Ivo dzora muchina wekuwachisa, ma microwaves, uye smart thermostats. Mumotokari, vanobatsira neinjini, maairbag, uye mabhureki. Mafekitari anoashandisa kumhanyisa michina uye kuona masisitimu. Machipisi aya zvakanakira simba rakaderera uye mabasa ari nyore.
Microprocessors inowanikwa mumakomputa uye mahwendefa. Ivo vanoita mabasa akaomarara, vanomhanyisa zvirongwa zvakawanda, uye vanobata yakawanda data. Iwe unovaona mumalaptops, desktops, uye maseva. Kana uchida kukurumidza uye kuita zvinhu zvakawanda, shandisa microprocessor.
Heino mimwe mienzaniso:
Midziyo yemumba: Michina yekuwachisa, mamicrowave, uye mafiriji.
Zvemotokari masisitimu: Injini yekudzora zvikamu, airbags, uye anti-lock mabhureki.
Consumer electronics: Makamera, remote controls, uye mitambo yekutamba.
Indasitiri otomatiki: Michina kutonga uye kuongorora system.
Kana iwe uchida kuti chigadzirwa chiite basa rimwe chete uye kuchengetedza simba, shandisa microcontroller. Kana iwe uchida kuti mudziyo uite mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete, shandisa microprocessor.
Iwe zvino unoziva kuti microcontroller iri kadikidiki kanoita mamwe mabasa mumidziyo. Iyo ine processor, ndangariro, uye yekupinda / yekubuda zvikamu zvese pamwechete.
Microcontrollers ndizvo inowanikwa mumotokari, midziyo yemumba, nemidziyo yekurapa.
Vanobatsira kuita kuti basa rive otomatiki, kuchengetedza zvinhu, uye kuunza tekinoroji nyowani.
Paunodzidza izvi zvakakosha, unogona kuona kuti ma microcontrollers anoshandura sei nyika. Tsvaga kuti vanobatsira sei kuita zvemagetsi zvirinani uye kuita kuti hupenyu huve nyore.
FAQ
Ndeipi basa guru re microcontroller?
Iwe unoshandisa microcontroller kudzora chaiwo mabasa mumudziyo. Inoverenga zvinopinda, inogadzirisa data, uye inotumira zvinobuda. Iwe unoiwana mumidziyo inoda zviri nyore, otomatiki zviito.
Unogona here kuronga microcontroller kumba?
Ehe! Unogona purogiramu yakawanda microcontrollers kumba uchishandisa komputa uye maturusi ari nyore. Makiti mazhinji uye madhairekitori anokubatsira kutanga. Iwe unonyora kodhi, kurodha, uye tarisa mudziyo wako uchishanda.
Ko microcontroller inochengetedza sei simba?
Microcontrollers inoshandisa yakaderera-simba modes kana isiri kushanda. Unogona kuvaita kuti varare kusvika vave kuda kuita. Izvi zvinobatsira midziyo yakaita semasensa uye zvinopfekwa zvinogara kwenguva refu pamabhatiri.
Tip: Shandisa nzira yekurara kuita kuti mapurojekiti ako ane bhatiri agare kwenguva refu.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pe RAM uye flash memory mune microcontroller?
Memory Memory | Zvazvinoita |
|---|---|
RAM | Inochengetedza data panguva yekushandisa. |
mbaravara | Inochengeta purogiramu yako uye zvigadziriso. |
Iwe unorasa RAM data paunodzima simba. Flash memory inochengetedza kodhi yako.
