Unoshandisa zvishandiso zuva nezuva zvinoda microcontroller kuti ishande. Microcontroller ikombiyuta diki, isingadhuri iri pa chip . Inonziwo singlechip. Inodzora mamwe mabasa mukati memudziyo. Sisitimu iyi diki ine memory, input uye output parts, uye processor pamwe chete. Unowana microcontroller muzvigadzirwa zvakawanda. Inodzora mabasa nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, unoona microcontrollers mu:
Mota, kwadzinobatsira pakushanda kweinjini uye kuchengetedzeka.
Vagadziri vekofi, kwavanoisa tembiricha uye nguva yekubika.
IoT zvishandiso, kwavanomhanyisa smart thermostats uye kuchengetedza masisitimu.
Microcontroller chinhu chidiki, chakakwana chakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mukati.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
A microcontroller kakombiyuta kadiki pane chip. Inodzora mabasa mumidziyo yakawanda. Iyo ine CPU, ndangariro, uye yekupinda / kubuda zvikamu pamwechete muyuniti imwe.
Microcontrollers ari muzvinhu zvatinoshandisa mazuva ese. Unogona kuzviwana mumotokari, vagadziri vekofi, uye zvishandiso zvakangwara. Vanobatsira kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande zvoga uye kuchengetedza nguva.
Iyo singlechip dhizaini ye microcontrollers inochengetedza nzvimbo uye simba. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive huru kune diki uye yakaderera-simba kushandiswa.
Microcontrollers haina kufanana ne microprocessors. Microcontrollers vanoita mabasa akakosha. Microprocessors inoita mabasa akaomarara uye inoda zvimwe zvikamu.
Unogona kuronga ma microcontrollers kumba uchishandisa maturusi ari nyore. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti ugadzire mapurojekiti ako uye zvishandiso zvekudzora zviri nyore.
Microcontroller Basics
Chii chinonzi Microcontroller
A microcontroller yakafanana nekombiyuta duku yakagadzirirwa basa rimwe chete. Idiki chip inoita mamwe mabasa mumudziyo. Iwe unoiwana muzvinhu zvinomhanyisa zvirongwa zviri nyore, sekubatidza marambi kana kutarisa masensa. Iyo microcontroller unit, kana MCU, ine zvikamu zvese zvinodiwa kudzora mudziyo pane imwe chip. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakasiyana neyakajairwa komputa chip, inoda zvimwe zvimedu kuti ishande.
Heino tafura inoratidza kusiyana kwakaita microcontroller ne microprocessor :
mamiriro | Microcontroller | Microprocessors |
|---|---|---|
Kubatanidzwa | Iva neCPU, ndangariro, uye I/O pane imwe chip. | Inoda kunze ndangariro uye zvimwe zvikamu. |
Applications | Yakanakira mabasa akakosha, mashoma-simba. | Yakanakira mabasa ese, anokurumidza. |
mutambo | Yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba, inoshanda nekumhanya zvishoma. | Yakagadzirirwa mabasa akaomarara, inomhanya nekukurumidza. |
Mari yekushanda | Yakachipa uye iri nyore kuronga. | Mari yakawanda uye inoda hunyanzvi hwakakosha. |
Microcontrollers anoshandiswa kana iwe uchida diki saizi, yakaderera simba, uye nyore hurongwa. Ndiko kusaka uchivaona muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa mazuva ese.
Singlechip Structure
Iyo singlechip dhizaini inoita kuti microcontroller ive yakakosha. Iwe unowana iyo CPU, ndangariro, uye yekupinda / kubuda (I / O) madoko ese mune imwe chip. Izvi zvinochengetedza nzvimbo uye simba mune yakamisikidzwa system. Haudi zvimwe zvikamu kuti uzviite. Iwe unogona kuisa singlechip mumidziyo midiki, uye ichiri kushanda nemazvo.
Zano: Dhizaini yechip imwe chete inokubatsira kugadzira michina midiki, yakachipa, uye yakavimbika. Hamufanirwe kubatanidza machip akawanda.
Kushandisa singlechip kunoita kuti mudziyo wako uve nyore kuronga uye nyore. Inoderedzawo mari uye inoshandisa simba shoma. Ichi ndicho chikonzero singlechip microcontrollers inowanikwa mumatoyi, maturusi ekurapa, nezvimwe.
Makiyi Makuru
Yese microcontroller ine zvikamu zvikuru zvinoibatsira kushanda. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva aya mamicrocontroller ekutanga kuti unzwisise kuti zvishandiso zvinofambisa sei zvirongwa.
Heano zvinhu zvakakosha zvaunowana muma microcontrollers mazhinji :
chikamu | basa |
|---|---|
Central Kugadzira Chikamu | Anomhanya mirairo uye anoita masvomhu, achiita sepakati. |
ndangariro | Iine chirongwa chekuyeuka (flash) yekodhi uye data memory (RAM) yezvinosiyana. |
Kupinza/Kubuda (I/O) | Inobatanidza kune yekunze nyika nemapini, nguva, uye zviteshi zvekutaurirana. |
Kuvhiringidza Controller | Inosarudza kuti ndeipi chikamu chinogona kumisa CPU, saka mabasa akakosha anotanga aitwa. |
Timer/Counter | Inoverenga nguva nezviitiko, zvinodiwa pakuronga nguva. |
Debugging Unit | Inobatsira kuwana nekugadzirisa matambudziko esoftware, kuita kuti zvinhu zvishande zvirinani. |
Interfaces | Rega iyo microcontroller itaure kune mamwe maturusi uchishandisa SPI, USB, nezvimwe. |
CPU: Uhwu ndihwo uropi hwe microcontroller. Inoshandisa mirairo yaunoipa.
Memory: Kune mhando mbiri huru. Memory inoshanduka (RAM) inokurumidza asi inorasikirwa nedata kana magetsi adzima. Memory isingashanduka (flash) inochengetedza data kunyangwe magetsi apera. Unoshandisa memory isingashanduka (non-volatile memory) papurogiramu yako nedata rakakosha.
Maports eI/O: Aya anoita kuti microcontroller itaure nezvinhu zviri kunze. Unogona kubatanidza mabhatani, masensa, mwenje, kana mota.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sema "timers", "counters", uye "communication ports". Zvinobatsira mudziyo wako kuita zvakawanda pasina mamwe ma "chips".
A microcontroller inokodzera yakawanda mudiki chip. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kune zvishandiso zvinoda kuve zvidiki, zvakachipa, uye zviri nyore kuronga. Paunodzidza microcontroller basic, unoona kuti sei singlechip dhizaini ichibatsira zvakanyanya kune yakamisikidzwa sisitimu.
Ainoita
Component Kudyidzana
Mukati me microcontroller, zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvinoshanda pamwe chete. CPU ndiyo uropi. Inoverenga mirairo uye inoita sarudzo. Memory inochengetedza purogiramu yako uye inochengeta data. Maports eInput/Output (I/O) anobatsira microcontroller kutaura nezvimwe zvinhu. Unogona kubatanidza masensa, mabhatani, kana mota kumaports aya.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) - inomhanya mirairo uye inodzora mabasa.
Memory - inochengetedza purogiramu yako nedata remabasa.
Maports ekupinda/kubuda (I/O) - rega microcontroller itaure nemidziyo yakaita semasensa nemasikirini.
CPU inowana mirairo kubva mundangariro. Inoshandisa maI/O ports kuwana data kana kutumira masaini. Zvikamu izvi zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti zvipedze mabasa nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka.
Cherechedza: Ma microcontroller anoshandisa nzira dzakakosha dzekutaura nemamwe maturusi. Unogona kuona UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, kana USB zvichishandiswa pamabasa akasiyana. Nzira imwe neimwe inobatsira microcontroller kugovera data nemasensa, mascreen, kana mamwe machipisi.
Task Execution
Unogona kuona mashandiro anoita microcontroller nemuenzaniso uri nyore. Fungidzira uchida kutarisa tembiricha yemukamuri uchishandisa sensor. Microcontroller inoverenga sensor kuburikidza neI/O port. CPU inotarisa data iri uye inotarisa kana tembiricha yakanyanya. Kana zvakadaro, microcontroller inotumira chiratidzo chekuti ibate fan.
Heano maitiro anoita iyo microcontroller mabasa aya:
Step | Chii Chinoitika |
|---|---|
1. Verenga Input | Iyo microcontroller inowana data kubva kune tembiricha sensor. |
2. Process Data | CPU inotarisa tembiricha yakachengetwa mundangariro. |
3. Sarudza Chiito | Iyo microcontroller inofananidza kukosha kune yakatarwa muganhu. |
4. Kudzora Kubuda | Kana zvichidikanwa, iyo microcontroller inobatidza fan ichishandisa I / O port. |
Iyo microcontroller inodzokorora nhanho idzi kakawanda sekondi yega yega. Inotarisa zvinopinda uye inodzora zvinobuda zvichienderana nechirongwa chako. Izvi zvinoita kuti mamicrocontrollers ave akanaka kumabasa anoda mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzakatsiga.
Microcontroller Applications
Mapurogiramu eMicrocontroller anobatsira kugadzira nyika yaunogara. Aya madiki madiki ari muzvinhu zvakawanda kumba uye kubasa. Anoita mapurogiramu akareruka uye anodzora mabasa akakosha. Unoshandisa mapurogiramu emicrocontroller zuva rega rega, kunyangwe usingaaone.
Mazuva ese Devices
Microcontroller zvikumbiro zviri muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa kumba. Aya machipi anobatsira midziyo yako kushanda zvirinani uye kuchengetedza simba. Hedzino dzimwe nzira dzaunoshandisa nadzo kumba:
Michina yekuwachisa inoshandisa microcontrollers kugadzirisa nguva yekuwachisa nemvura.
Air conditioners inoshandura tembiricha uye kumhanya kwe fan ine microcontroller.
Mafiriji anochengeta zvokudya zvichitonhora nekudzora kutonhodza nokubvisa chando.
Microwaves anoshandisa microcontroller kuseta nguva yekubika uye simba.
Smartwatches kuverenga nhanho dzako uye kurova kwemoyo nemamicrocontrollers.
Magetsi eSmart anokutendera kuti uchinje kupenya uye ruvara kubva pafoni yako.
Imba otomatiki masisitimu anobatanidza zvishandiso uye worega iwe uzvidzore.
Unoshandisa ma microcontroller applications muma smart TV, maspika, uye ma fitness trackers . Midziyo iyi inounganidza data uye inoita mabasa nekukurumidza. Indaneti yezvinhu inobatanidza zvigadzirwa izvi, zvichiita kuti imba yako ive yakangwara uye inochengetedza simba.
Indasitiri Inoshandiswa
Mashandisirwo ema microcontroller akakosha mumaindasitiri akawanda . Unowana mumotokari, mafekitori, zvipatara, uye masisitimu emagetsi. Ma chips aya anoita mapurogiramu anobatsira kuti basa riitwe uye kuti zvinhu zvigare zvakachengeteka.
Motokari: Microcontrollers inodzora injini, rekodha data, uye maneja simba.
Kugadzira: Robhoti uye otomatiki masisitimu anoshandisa microcontroller application.
Simba: Microcontrollers inobatsira kudzora simba uye kugadzirisa masisitimu.
Hutano: Zvishandiso zvinoshandisa microcontroller kutarisa varwere uye maturusi ekudzora.
Robhoti: Microcontroller application inobatsira marobhoti kufamba uye kuita mabasa.
Mapurogiramu emicrocontroller anoita kuti michina ive yakangwara uye yakavimbika. Unovaona painternet yezvinhu, kwavanobatanidza masensa nemichina. Microcontrollers dzine simba shoma dzinobatsira michina kugara kwenguva refu isina mabhatiri matsva. Izvi zvinokosha kudzimba dzakangwara, hutano, uye mafekitori.
Microcontroller inoshandisa simba tekinoroji yanhasi. Iwe unowana nekukurumidza, zvakachengeteka, uye zvirinani zvishandiso mazuva ese. Aya machipi anokubatsira iwe kurarama, kushanda, uye kunakidzwa munyika yakabatana.
Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
Kusiyanisa Kwakakosha
Ungashamisika kuti izvi zviviri hazvina kufanana sei. Midziyo yese yekubatsira inoshanda, asi yakasiyana. Microcontroller isystem yakazara pane chip imwe chete . Ine memory, input/output ports, uye CPU pamwe chete. Unowana zvese zvinodiwa kuti utonge muchikamu chidiki chimwe chete. Microprocessor ingori pfungwa yesystem. Inoda memory yakawedzerwa uye input/output chips kuti ishande.
Heino tafura inoratidza misiyano mikuru:
mamiriro | microprocessor | Microcontroller |
|---|---|---|
ndangariro | Kunze RAM uye ROM | Yakavakwa-mukati RAM uye ROM |
Peripherals | Inoda zvekunze I/O | On-chip I/O (UART, SPI, I2C, GPIO) |
Bus System | Data yekunze uye kero mabhazi | Internal control bhazi |
akitekicha | Von Neumann | Harvard |
Chikamu Count | CPU-chete | CPU + Memory + I/O |
Kuita Mirayiridzo | Sequential | Parallel kuburikidza nemukati mamodule |
A microcontroller anoshandisa Harvard architecture. Izvi zvinoita kuti iwane mirairo uye data panguva imwe chete. Inokurumidza yekutonga mabasa. A microprocessor inoshandisa Von Neumann dhizaini. Pano, chirongwa uye data zvinogovana ndangariro imwechete.
Uchaona kuti microcontroller inodhura zvishoma uye inoshandisa simba shoma . Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka kumidziyo midiki inoshandisa mabhatiri.
Shandisa Zviitiko
Ma microcontrollers ari muzvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa zuva nezuva. Anodzora michina yekuwachisa, ma microwave, uye ma smart thermostats . Mumota, anobatsira nemainjini, ma airbag, uye mabhureki. Mafekitori anoashandisa kufambisa michina uye masisitimu ewachi. Aya machipisi akanakira mabasa asina simba rakawanda uye ari nyore.
Microprocessors inowanikwa mumakomputa uye mahwendefa. Ivo vanoita mabasa akaomarara, vanomhanyisa zvirongwa zvakawanda, uye vanobata yakawanda data. Iwe unovaona mumalaptops, desktops, uye maseva. Kana uchida kukurumidza uye kuita zvinhu zvakawanda, shandisa microprocessor.
Heino mimwe mienzaniso:
Midziyo yemumba: Michina yekuwachisa, mamicrowave, uye mafiriji.
Zvemotokari masisitimu: Injini yekudzora zvikamu, airbags, uye anti-lock mabhureki.
Consumer electronics: Makamera, remote controls, uye mitambo yekutamba.
Indasitiri otomatiki: Michina kutonga uye kuongorora system.
Kana iwe uchida kuti chigadzirwa chiite basa rimwe chete uye kuchengetedza simba, shandisa microcontroller. Kana iwe uchida kuti mudziyo uite mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete, shandisa microprocessor.
Wava kuziva kuti microcontroller ichip diki inoita mamwe mabasa mumidziyo. Ine processor, memory, uye zvikamu zve input/output zvese pamwe chete.
Ma microcontroller anowanikwa mumotokari, zvishandiso zvepamba, uye muzvishandiso zvekurapa.
Vanobatsira kuita kuti basa rive otomatiki, kuchengetedza zvinhu, uye kuunza tekinoroji nyowani.
Paunodzidza izvi zvakakosha, unogona kuona kuti ma microcontrollers anoshandura sei nyika. Tsvaga kuti vanobatsira sei kuita zvemagetsi zvirinani uye kuita kuti hupenyu huve nyore.
FAQ
Ndeipi basa guru re microcontroller?
Iwe unoshandisa microcontroller kudzora chaiwo mabasa mumudziyo. Inoverenga zvinopinda, inogadzirisa data, uye inotumira zvinobuda. Iwe unoiwana mumidziyo inoda zviri nyore, otomatiki zviito.
Unogona here kuronga microcontroller kumba?
Ehe! Unogona kuronga ma microcontrollers akawanda kumba uchishandisa komputa nematurusi ari nyore. Makiti mazhinji nemagwaro anokubatsira kutanga. Unonyora kodhi, unoirodha, uye unoona mudziyo wako uchishanda.
Ko microcontroller inochengetedza sei simba?
Microcontrollers inoshandisa yakaderera-simba modes kana isiri kushanda. Unogona kuvaita kuti varare kusvika vave kuda kuita. Izvi zvinobatsira midziyo yakaita semasensa uye zvinopfekwa zvinogara kwenguva refu pamabhatiri.
Zano: Shandisa nzira yekurara kuti mapurojekiti ako anoshandisa bhatiri agare kwenguva yakareba.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pe RAM uye flash memory mune microcontroller?
Memory Memory | Zvazvinoita |
|---|---|
RAM | Inochengetedza data panguva yekushandisa. |
mbaravara | Inochengeta purogiramu yako uye zvigadziriso. |
Iwe unorasa RAM data paunodzima simba. Flash memory inochengetedza kodhi yako.
