PCB Material Selection Guide

Chikamu chinonyanya kukosha chemagetsi ibhodhi rakadhindwa redunhu (PCB). Neimwe nzira, iyo acronym yakaverengera akadhindwa wiring board uye akadhindwa wiring makadhi, ayo ari chinhu chimwe chete. Nekuda kwebasa rakakosha remabhodhi aya mune zvese kubva kumakomputa kusvika kumakarukureta, PCB board yekusarudza zvinhu inofanira kuitwa nekuchenjerera uye neruzivo rwezvinodiwa zvemagetsi zvechimwe chikamu chemidziyo.

Pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwePCB, zvigadzirwa zvebhodhi redunhu zvainyanya kufukidzwa nematendere ewaya akabatikana, akaturikidzana ayo aigona kukundikana nyore pane mamwe majunctures. Vaigonawo kupfupika-rekita kamwe zera rakabata uye dzimwe waya dzakatanga kutsemuka. Sezvingatarisirwa, maitirwo emaoko aipinda muwiring yeaya mabhodhi ekutanga aivhiringa uye anorwadza.

Sezvo kuwedzera kwakasiyana-siyana kwemazuva ese emagetsi zvikamu zvakatanga kuvimba nemabhodhi edunhu, nhangemutange yakanga iri pakuvandudza nzira dzakareruka, dzakasimba, uye izvi zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, PCB. Nezvishandiso zvePCB, maseketi anogona kufambiswa pakati pehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana. Iyo simbi inofambisa kuendesa ikozvino pakati pebhodhi uye chero yakasungirirwa zvikamu inozivikanwa se solder, iyo inoshandawo mbiri chinangwa nehunhu hwayo hwekunamatira.

PCB Material Kuumbwa

Kuumbwa kwePCB kunowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvina, izvo zvinopisa zvakanamirwa pamwe chete kuita mutsetse mumwe. Izvo zvinoshandiswa muPCB zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvidimbu kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi:

• Silkscreen

• Soldermask

• Mhangura

• Substrate

Yekupedzisira yezvikamu izvi, substrate, yakagadzirwa nefiberglass uye inozivikanwawo seFR4, ine mavara eFR anomirira "fire retardant." Iyi substrate layer inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwePCB, kunyangwe ukobvu hunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwebhodhi rakapihwa.

Mabhodhi emhando yakachipa zvakare aripo pamusika asingashandise zvakafanana zvambotaurwa zvePCB asi ane phenolics kana epoxies. Nekuda kwekunzwa kwekupisa kwemapuranga aya, ivo vanowanzorasikirwa nelamination yavo nyore. Aya mabhodhi akachipa anowanzo kuve nyore kuziva nekunhuhwirira kwaanopa kana achitengeswa.

Chikamu chechipiri chePCB imhangura, iyo yakasvibiswa pane substrate nemusanganiswa wekupisa uye kunamatira. Iyo mhangura yemhangura yakaonda, uye pane mamwe mapuranga, pane zvidimbu zviviri zvakadai - imwe pamusoro uye imwe pasi pe substrate. MaPCB ane chidimbu chimwe chete chemhangura anowanzo shandiswa pamidziyo yemagetsi yakachipa.

Iyo yakawanda-yakashandiswa copper clad laminate (CCL) inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana neakasiyana masisitimu anosanganisira ekusimbisa zvinhu, anoshandiswa resin adhesive, kupisa, CCL kuita.

Pamusoro pegreen soldermask pane silkscreen layer, iyo inowedzera mavara uye nhamba zviratidzo zvinoita kuti PCB iverengeke kune tech programmers. Izvi, zvakare, zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kune vanounganidza zvemagetsi kuisa PCB yega yega munzvimbo yakakodzera uye munzira kwayo pane chimwe nechimwe chikamu. Iyo silkscreen layer inowanzo chena, kunyangwe mavara akadai seatsvuku, yero, grey uye dema anoshandiswawo dzimwe nguva.

PCB Layer Technical Terms

Pamwe chete nekunzwisisa kuti PCB yakarongedzerwa sei, zvakakoshawo kuziva anotevera tekinoroji mazwi anoperekedza kushandiswa kwePCBs:

• Mhete yegore. Iyo mhete yemhangura inotenderedza maburi paPCB.

• DRC. Acronym yekutarisa mutemo wekugadzira. Chaizvoizvo, DRC itsika iyo iyo dhizaini yePCB inotariswa kushanda kwayo. Tsanangudzo dzinotariswa dzinosanganisira hupamhi hwemaronda uye maburi ekuboora.

• Drill hit. Inoshandiswa kutsanangura maburi ese paPCB, angave akarurama kana kuti akarasika. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, gomba rinogona kunge risina kunaka zvishoma nekuda kwemidziyo yekuchera yakagomara inoshandiswa panguva yekugadzira.

• Munwe. Simbi yakafumurwa pamwe nemupendero webhodhi iyo inoshanda senge mapoinzi ekubatanidza pakati pePCB mbiri. Zvigunwe zvinowanzowanikwa pamitambo yekare yemavhidhiyo uye makadhi ememori.

• Zvimedu zvembeva. Chikamu chebhodhi icho chakanyanya kudhirowa kusvika painotyisidzira kutendeseka kwePCB.

• Pad. Nzvimbo yesimbi yakafumurwa paPCB, painoiswa chidimbu chakatengeswa.

• Panel. Bhodhi guru redunhu rinosanganisira mapuranga maduku, ayo anozoparadzaniswa kuti ashandiswe nemunhu. Chikonzero chemuitiro uyu ndechekubvisa kuomerwa kunoitwa nevanobata kana tasvika pakubata nemabhodhi madiki.

• Namira stencil. Stencil yesimbi pabhodhi, pane iyo paste inoiswa kuti isimbiswe.

• Ndege. Chikamu chakakura chemhangura yakafumurwa paPCB, inomikwa nemiganhu asi ichishaya nzira.

• Yakaputirwa neburi. Gomba rinoenda rakananga kuburikidza nePCB, kazhinji nechinangwa chekubatanidza chimwe chikamu. Gomba rakaputirwa uye rinowanzoratidza mhete ye annular.

• Slot. Chero gomba risina denderedzwa. MaPCB ane slots anowanzo kukwira mutengo nekuda kwemitengo yekugadzira yekugadzira maburi akasarudzika pabhodhi redunhu. Slots kazhinji haina kuputira.

• Kukwidza pamusoro. Nzira iyo zvinhu zvekunze zvinoiswa zvakananga kubhodhi pasina kushandiswa kuburikidza nemakomba.

• Rondedzera. Mutsara unoenderera wemhangura wakayambuka PCB.

• V-chibodzwa. Nzvimbo iyo bhodhi yakatemwa zvishoma. Izvi zvinogona kupa PCB panjodzi yekubvuta.

• Via. Gomba iro masaini anofamba pakati pemitsara. Vias inoonekwa mune tented uye untented shanduro. Matende mavhezheni akafukidzwa neanodzivirira soldermask, nepo iyo untented vias inoshandiswa kune chinongedzo chekubatanidza.

Nhamba inotangira danda inoreva nhamba chaiyo yemateyi ekuitisa, ingave nzira kana ndege layer - iyo miviri yemhando. Matunhu anowanzo kuve nenhamba 1, kana chero ipi zvayo ina inotevera kunyange manhamba: 2, 4, 6, 8. Layer boards dzimwe nguva ane manhamba asina kujairika, asi aya haawanzoita mutsauko. Semuyenzaniso, iyo PCB zvinhu mu5 layer kana 6 layer board ingangofanana.

Mhando mbiri dze layer dzine mabasa akasiyana. Routing layers ane tracks. Plane layers inoshanda semagetsi ekubatanidza uye inoratidzira ndege dzemhangura. Nhepfenyuro dzendege zvakare dzinoratidza zvitsuwa zvinotarisa chinangwa chekusaina chebhodhi, ingave 3.3 V kana 5 V.

FR4 izita rekodhi regirazi-rakasimbiswa epoxy laminated sheets. Nekuda kwesimba rayo, pamwe nekugona kwayo kumira munyoro nemoto, FR4 ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa PCB zvinhu.

Yekuwedzera PCB Dhizaini Mafungiro

Chimiro chakaita se 1.6 mm chinoshandiswa kutaridza ukobvu hwebhodhi. Pamabhodhi mana, 4 mm ndiyo chiyero chakajairwa. Ukobvu chinhu chekutarisa kana uchisarudza mabhodhi emudziyo. Mabhodhi ane ukobvu hukuru, semuenzaniso, achapa rutsigiro rwakawanda kana zvinorema zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvinoda kutsigirwa.

Chiyero chakajairwa chemhangura yemhangura pazvikamu zvendege ndeye 35 microns. Neimwe nzira, ukobvu hwemhangura dzimwe nguva hunoratidzwa mumaounces kana magiramu. Zvakanakisa kuenda kune yakakwira kupfuura yakajairika mhangura ukobvu pamabhodhi anotsigira akawanda maapplication.

Matupi haafanirwe kuendesa simba, asi izvi zvinogona dzimwe nguva kuitika kana masaini asingabati zvakanaka ma frequency. Kana dambudziko rikasachengetedzwa, njanji dzinogona kupedzisira dzarasikirwa nemasimba makuru. Kuti uwane simba rakawanda sezvinobvira kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwenzira kuenda kune rumwe, marongerwo etrack anofanirwa kuverengera maequation ekutapurirana.

Kazhinji, ma inches maviri ndiyo yakaringana track chinhambwe pamabhodhi akaturikidzana ayo anosanganisira yemhangura-yakatevedzwa FR4 PCB zvinhu, zvichipa kuti iyo chiratidzo chenguva imwe nanosecond. Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa zvakare kufunga nezve mhedzisiro yemutsetse wekutapurirana kwehurefu hwema track, kunyanya kana chiratidzo chekuvimbika kwakakosha. Indaneti izere nezvirongwa uye maspredishiti akagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu kuita maverengero akakodzera eimpedance yemabhodhi chaiwo.

Pamabhodhi mazhinji, vias haana chinhu, uye iwe unogona kazhinji kuona nepakati pavo. Zvakangodaro, kune akasiyana mamiriro ayo vias anogona kuzadzwa. Nokuti kutanga, zvakakodzera kuti vias kuzadzwa kana totaura kuumba zvipingamupinyi anodzivirira kubva huruva uye dzimwe tsvina. Chechipiri, vias inogona kuzadzwa kuwedzera simba rekutakura reyazvino, mune iyo nyaya yekuitisa inogona kushandiswa. Chimwe chikonzero icho vias inogona kuzadzwa ndechekuisa bhodhi.

Vias inowanzozadzwa nebhora grid array (BGA) zvimedu. Kana kusangana kukaitika pakati peBGA pini uye yemukati layer, solder inogona kutsvedza nepakati nepakati uye pane imwe layer. Naizvozvo, iyo vias inozadzwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti solder haina kudonhedza kune imwe layer, uye kutendeseka kwevanobatika kunochengetwa sezvakarongwa.

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvakanyanya kunetsa pabhodhi bhodhi ndeye kana munhu apinda nekubuda pane imwe nguva pabhodhi. Izvo zvakanyanya kuitika izvi, nekukurumidza icho chikamu chebhodhi chinosungirwa kupa zvachose. Avhareji yemushandisi wemagetsi epamba achasangana nedambudziko iri kana rimwe remabhatani ari pa calculator ramira kushanda. Bhatani rega rega rinodzvanya pane chimwe chikamu chebhodhi, uye kana imwe nzvimbo yakanganisa, bhatani rinoenderana nenzvimbo iyoyo harigone kutumira chiratidzo charo.

Imwe nzira yekubatika inogona kubviswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo ndeye kana yechipiri kadhi slot inoiswa pabhodhi reamai. Kana kadhi rikasabatwa zvisina kunaka, imwe yenzvimbo dziri padivi pekadhi inogona kukuvara uye kutadza kushanda kubva ipapo zvichienda kunze. Nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira nzvimbo dzebhodhi dzinosangana kune imwe neimwe ndeyekushandiswa kwechigadziko chegoridhe, chinoshanda sechipingamupinyi chinosimudzira hupenyu. Ndarama inogona kudhura, zvisinei, uye kushandiswa kwayo mumatabo kunowedzera imwe nhanho mukugadzirwa kwePCB.

PCB Soldermask

Rudzi iro vanhu vazhinji vanoziva naro kana zvasvika kune mamaboards rakasvibira, ruvara rwe soldermask. Kunyangwe isingaite seyakajairwa, soldermask zvakare dzimwe nguva inoonekwa mune mamwe mavara, senge tsvuku kana bhuruu. Soldermask inozivikanwa zvakare neacronym LPISM, iyo inomiririra yemvura mufananidzo unogoneka soldermask. Chinangwa che soldermask ndechekudzivirira kubuda kwemvura solder. Mumakore achangopfuura, zviitiko zveizvi zvave zvakajairika nekuda kwekushaya soldermask. Neakaundi mazhinji, zvisinei, vashandisi vanowanzofarira mabhodhi ane soldermask pane mabhodhi asina.

Kana soldermask yaiswa kuPCB, iyo PCB inoiswa pasi peyakanyungudutswa solder. Sezvo izvi zvichiitika, nzvimbo dzakafumurwa dzemhangura dzinotengeswa. Izvi zvese chikamu chemaitiro anozivikanwa sehot air solder leveling (HASL). Sezvo maSMD machipisi ari kutengeswa, bhodhi rinopisa kusvika apo solder inotora fomu yakanyungudutswa uye zvikamu zvinoiswa munzvimbo yavo chaiyo. Sezvo solder inomesa, zvikamu zvakare zvinotengeswa. HASL inowanzo sanganisira lead seimwe yemakomponi ari musolder, kunyangwe sarudzo dzisina mutobvu dziripowo.

Kupatsanurwa kwehupamhi hwetrack kunoratidzwa nedash. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukaona nhamba 6/6 mils, iyo inotsanangura 6 mils seyakaderera track hupamhi, pamwe neiyo shoma track spacing. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo dzese dziri pabhodhi iri mubvunzo dzinofanirwa kusangana kana kudarika 6 mils. Kune avo vasina kujaira, mils mayunitsi anoshandiswa kuona madaro pane PCB zvinhu. Upamhi uye kupatsanurana kunonyanya kukosha kana zvasvika kune mabhodhi akagadzirirwa kubata huwandu hwakawanda hwezvino.

Kana bhodhi rePCB rakapetwa, matiraki akasiyana haagone kuongororwa nekuona kuti anowanikwa. Naizvozvo, bvunzo inoitwa iyo inoisa probes kumagumo ematiraki kuona ese masaini arikusvika. Muedzo unoitwa nekushandiswa kwevolts kubva kune imwe mugumo. Kana aya ma voltages akanzwika kubva kune rimwe divi, mateki anoonekwa seari kushanda. Nepo bvunzo yacho isingawanzo kukosha pamabhodhi ane chete kana maviri akaturikidzana, ichiri kukurudzirwa kana uine hanya nezvemhando.

Vias inobatanidza mukati uye kunze akaturikidzana anozivikanwa semapofu vias. Zita iri mhedzisiro kubva pakuti nekuti vias akadaro anogona kungoonekwa kubva kune rimwe divi. Vias kuti batanidza maviri kana kupfuura yomukati akaturikidzana vanozivikanwa sezvo akavigwa vias, izvo hazvigoni kuonekwa kubva kunze kune rimwe divi. Pamapuranga ane mapofu uye akavigwa vias, kuburikidza nekuzadza kunowanzoshandiswa. Izvi zvinoita kuti kunze kwepamusoro kuchengetedzeke uye kunobatsira kudzikisira mukana we solder kutsvedza nekupinda mukati vias.

Zvinhu Zvisarudzo Zvinokanganisa Mutengo

PCB inowanzo dhura zvakanyanya kana iine zvinhu zvakaita segoridhe tabo, bofu kana kuvigwa vias, kana kuburikidza nekuzadza. Saizvozvowo, PCB ine mutsara / hupamhi spacing pazasi 6 mils zvakare inoita kudhura zvakanyanya. Chikonzero chemitengo yakakwira iyi ndiyo imwe nzira inoenda mukugadzirwa kwemabhodhi ePCB asina kujairika. Nechiratidzo chimwe chete, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvePCB zvinoita kunge zvisiri kuita pundutso kana kubudirira kana yakaderera mils kana yemukati vias inoratidzwa, uye mutengo wepamusoro unotarwa kudzoreredza kurasikirwa. Vagadziri varipo vanogadzira PCB ine mutsara / hupamhi zviyero zvakaderera se3 mils, asi izvi hazviwanzo kukurudzirwa kunze kwekunge iriyo yako yega sarudzo yechimwe chikamu.

Simba uye Kupisa Impact paPCB Material Selection

Kunze kwezvinhu zvese zvinokanganisa maPCB, maviri eakanyanya kusimba isimba uye kupisa. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti uone zvikumbaridzo zveumwe neumwe, izvo zvinogona kuitwa nekuongorora kupisa kwePCB. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti simba remvura rinoshandurwa sei kuita tembiricha kuburikidza nehurefu hwezvinhu. Nekudaro, hapana yakasimbiswa indasitiri-yakafara tsika dzekupisa conductivity.

Semuenzaniso, Rogers Corp. inotakura zvinhu zvePCB, RT / duroid 5880, iyo inowanzoshandiswa muEW uye kutaurirana. Dielectric constant yechinhu ichi yakadzikira, sezvo iri composite material ine micro-fibrous glass elements. Aya ma microfibers anoshanda chinangwa chekuwedzera simba refiber mune izvo zvinhu.

Nekuda kweiyi yakaderera dielectric kugara, iyo PCB yakanakira maapplication anoshandisa yakakwirira frequency. Nekudaro, nekuda kweiyo yakaderera yekupisa conductivity, inogona kupisa zviri nyore, iyo inogona kuve yakakura dhizaini mukupisa-inopisa kunyorera.

PCB Zvishandiso uye Indasitiri Zvishandiso

Zvekushandisa mumauto neaerospace, maindasitiri emotokari uye ekurapa, maPCB anogadzirwa mune imwe chete pamwe neaviri-mativi marudzi, mamwe acho ari emhangura akapfeka uye mamwe anoshandisa aluminium. Mune imwe neimwe yeaya maindasitiri, zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa pakuita zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakananga. Saka nekudaro, zvinhu zvePCB zvinosarudzwa huremu hwazvo mune mamwe maindasitiri kana nekugona kwavo kubata huwandu hwakawanda hwesimba mune mamwe. Saka nekudaro, kana maitiro ekuita achitariswa, zvakakosha kuti uone kuti ndeapi mabasa anofanirwa kufananidzwa nemumwe kana uchisarudza PCB zvinhu, sezvo mazinga ezvinhu achienderana nemazinga ekuita.

Flex uye Rigid-Flex Mabhodhi

Mumakore achangopfuura, flex uye rigid-flex mabhodhi akakura mukuzivikanwa nekuda kwezvisarudzo zvavanobvumira mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana. Chaizvoizvo, anogona kupetwa, kupetwa uye kunyange kuputirwa zvinhu, saka anogona kushandiswa kuita maapplication ayo asingazombogoneke nema flat circuit board. Semuenzaniso, flex board inogona kushandiswa chidimbu chemidziyo inoda kuti bhodhi ripete pakona uye richiri kutakura ikozvino kubva kune rumwe rutivi kuenda kune rumwe pasina kudiwa kwekubatanidza mapaneru.

Mazhinji emabhodhi anochinjika pamusika ane Kapton, firimu re polyimide iro rakavambwa neDuPont Corporation. Iyo firimu inozvirumbidza hunhu hwakadai sekudzivirira kupisa, dimensional kuenderana uye dielectric inongogara 3.6 chete.

Kapton inouya mumatatu ePyralux shanduro:

• Chinodzoreredza moto (FR)

• Non-flame retardant (NFR)

• Adhesive-less / high performance (AP)

Kusarudza PCB Board Zvishandiso - Hunhu Kutanga

Kana zvasvika pakusarudza PCB board zvinhu, kunaka kwakakosha zvakanyanya mukuvakwa kwechero mhando yebhodhi, ingave yakaitirwa zvemagetsi epamba kana midziyo yemumaindasitiri. Chikamu chine bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa rinogona kunge rakakura kana diki, rakachipa kana kudhura, asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti chinhu chiri mubvunzo chinopa kuita kwepamusoro kwenguva yakazara yehupenyu hwayo hunotarisirwa.

Kunyange paine akati wandei emhando dzePCB zvinhu zvinopinda mubhodhi rakapihwa, kuvimbika kwechigadzirwa ndiko pakupedzisira izvo vatengi uye mabhizinesi vari kutsvaga mune zvigadzirwa zvinoshandisa matunhu mabhodhi. Ehe, zvakakoshawo kuti PCB bhodhi zvinhu zvakasimba zvakakwana kuti zvibate pamwechete, kunyangwe chikamu chikadonha kana kugogodzwa netsaona.

Pamidziyo yekombuta, semuenzaniso, maPCB akasimba anovimbisa kuti hardware inogadziridza inogona kuitwa pasina kukuvadza kune yagara iripo PCB board zvinhu. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumidziyo yemagetsi, ma microwave uye zvimwe midziyo yemumba inovimba nePCB tekinoroji kuti irambe iri mumamiriro ekushanda. Kunyangwe panzvimbo dzemagetsi dzeveruzhinji senge maATM, maPCB anofanirwa kushanda pasina kukundikana saka mabhatani achashanda uye mirairo ichanzwisiswa pasina kunonoka.

At Wonderful PCB, tinopa huwandu hwakazara hwePCB zvigadzirwa uye masevhisi egungano. Nekuda kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri 'bhizinesi ruzivo uye hunyanzvi matekinoroji, Wonderful PCB inokwanisa kubata zvakasiyana laminate zvinhu uye substrate zvinhu zvinosanganisira FR4, Rogers nezvimwewo izvo zvinonyanya kufarirwa uye zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya. Masevhisi edu akashandiswa nemainjiniya munzvimbo dzese dzeindasitiri, aine zvinangwa zvakasarudzika kana zvasvika pakushanda uye kushanda kwezvikamu zvinoshandisa PCB. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemasevhisi edu, shanyira yedu yegungano rekuona uye kugona mapeji kana kutibata nesu kuti uwane quote nhasi.