Mainjiniya mazhinji anofunga kuti kuwedzera ma layer kuPCB kunongoreva kuisa ma traces akawanda munzvimbo shoma. Zvakashata. Kusvetuka kubva pamabhodhi ane layer mbiri kuenda kune ane layer ina kunochinja mashandiro anoita circuit yako yese nemagetsi. Unowana mapuraneti akatsaurirwa anoshanda senhovo. Izvi zvakakosha kupfuura mutsauko wemutengo we$20 pakati pema prototypes.

Chii chinonzi Standard 4-Layer PCB Stack-up?

Heino chimwe chinhu chausingazotaurirwe nemunhu: mapuranga emapuranga ari mubhodhi rine mapuranga mana haasi ega. Haugone kungorongedza mapepa emhangura sezvaunoda wotarisira kushanda zvakanaka.

Maitiro ekugadzira sandwich akafanana neaya: 

Chiratidzo Chepamusoro → Gadzirira → Pasi → Pakati → Simba → Gadzirira → Pasi → Chiratidzo Chepasi.

Rutivi 1 rwepamusoro

 Chiratidzo chako chikuru. Zvikamu zviri pano. Zviratidzo zvinomhanya pano. Apa ndipo panowanikwa nzira yako yakawanda yekufambisa nekuti unoda mukana wekuwana ma "component pads".

Rutivi rwechitatu rwemukati

 Pasi pevhu. Pepa rese remhangura iri rinobatanidza neGND. Sei tichifanira kuisa jira rese pasi? Nekuti masaini ane frequency yakakwira anoda nzira yakasimba yekudzoka iri pasi pawo. Kana chiratidzo chichifamba paLayer 1, simba rekudzoka rinoyerera zvakananga pasi pacho paLayer 2. Izvi zvinogadzira nzvimbo diki ye loop, zvichimisa matambudziko eEMI asati atanga.

 Ungave wakaona magadzirirwo apo mainjiniya akaedza kushandisa grid yepasi panzvimbo pendege. Njodzi. Matambudziko ekuvimbika kwechiratidzo akavatorera nguva yekudzokorora bhodhi katatu.

Rutivi rwechitatu rwemukati

Chiteshi chemagetsi. Chinowanzo batana nechitima chako chikuru cheVCC, chingave chiri 3.3V, 5V, kana 12V, zvichienderana nedhizaini yako. Chiteshi ichi chinoparadzira simba mubhodhi rese ne impedance shoma. Unowana voltage yakagadzikana paIC yega yega pasina mafuta emagetsi anopedzisa nzvimbo yekudzosera. Mamwe madhizaini anopatsanura layer iyi pakati pema voltage akawanda, akadai se3.3V ne5V. Inoshanda zvakanaka kana ukachengeta nzvimbo yakakwana pakati pema splits.

Rutivi rwechina pasi

 Chikamu chechipiri chechiratidzo. Unoenda pano kana Chikamu 1 chazara kana kana uchida kubuda muBGA fanouts. Chikamu chepasi chinewo zvinobatanidza uye nzvimbo dzekuyedza.

Chinoumba musimboti chinouya pakati. Ichi ndicho chinhu chako chakasimba cheFR-4, chinowanzova 1.0mm ukobvu mubhodhi re1.6mm. Ma layers eprepreg ndiwo manamati. Aya machira efiberglass akacheneswa zvishoma anosunga zvese pamwe chete panguva yekuiswa kwelamination apo kupisa nekumanikidzwa zvinoashandura kuita dielectric yakasimba.

Iye zvino, vamwe vagadziri vanoshandisa nzira yeSignal-Ground-Power-Signal seimwe nzira. Chaizvoizvo, inoshanda. Asi stack yeSignal-Ground-Power-Signal inoshanda zvirinani pamagadzirirwo emasaini akasanganiswa nekuti machira ese ari maviri echiratidzo anogara padyo nematanho ereferensi. Izvi zvinosimbisa marobhoti ako emagetsi.

Chimwe chinhu pamusoro peiyi stackup: kuenzana kwakakosha pakugadzirwa. Kana ukaisa mhangura yese parutivi, bhodhi rinomonereka panguva yekudzokororwa. Kurongeka kweType 1 kunoenzanisa kugoverwa kwemhangura kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, izvo zvinomira kukotama panguva yekuunganidza. 

PCB ine 4-Layer vs. PCB ine 2-Layer: Sei Uchifanira Kusimudzira?

Unogadzira bhodhi rine zvidimbu zviviri. Rinoshanda pabhenji. Wobva wagadzira mayuniti mazana mashanu, uye anokundikana bvunzo dzeEMC. Zvinonzwika sekunge wajaira here?

Chiratidzo Kuperera

 Masaini ekumhanya kwakanyanya haafariri mabhodhi ane mativi maviri. Kana uchimhanyisa bhasi re100MHz SPI kana USB 2.0 differential pair padhizaini ine mativi maviri, simba rekudzoka rinofanira kudzokera nenzira yaro kuburikidza nechero nzira yawakapa. Kazhinji, zvinoreva nzira refu, inodzungaira kuburikidza nematanho epasi. Izvi zvinogadzira antenna hombe inoburitsa ruzha uye inowana kupindira. 

Pabhodhi rine mativi mana, magetsi anodzoka anoyerera zvakananga pasi pechiratidzo kuburikidza nepasi. Nzvimbo yedenderedzwa inoderera kusvika pakusava nechinhu. Maziso ako echiratidzo anovhurika zvakanaka pa oscilloscope.

EMI Shielding

Mapurani epasi neemagetsi aya anoshanda sezvidziviriro. Anobata minda yemagetsi pakati pezvikamu pane kuirega ichipenya muchadenga. Unofanira kuyedza macircuit akafanana pamabhodhi ane zvikamu zviviri kana zvina. Shanduro ine zvikamu zvina inowanzo ratidza 15-20dB inoburitsa radiation zviri nani. Ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pemiganhu yeFCC Part 15 Class B inodarika neinokundikana.

Density

Unowana marongero mana ekushandisa panzvimbo pemaviri. Zviri pachena kuti izvi zvinokubatsira kuderedza saizi yebhodhi. Asi bhenefiti chaiyo ndeyekupukunyuka zvikamu zvakawandisa zvakaita seBGAs kana QFN packages dzine 0.5mm pitch. Pabhodhi rine marongero maviri, unongogumira parongero pakati pemapedhi. Pabhodhi rine marongero mana, unobaya mavias wobva wadonhera kumarongero emukati kuti ubve mudendere regonzo.

 Dhizaini inoda 80mm × 60mm muchimiro che 2-layer inowanzoenderana ne 60mm × 45mm nechimiro che 4-layer. Kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo yebhodhi kunogona kugadzirisa mutengo wakakwira webhodhi rega rega paunenge uchivaka zviuru.

Thermal Management

Mhangura inopinza kupisa zviri nani ka200 pane FR-4. Mapurani emukati iwayo anoparadzira kupisa kwese kwese pane kuirega ichidzika pasi pe voltage regulator yako kana MOSFET. Kune magetsi anosunda 3A kana kupfuura, izvi zvinokosha. Dzimwe nguva unogona kubvisa heatsink nekushandisa thermal vias kune internal copper plane. Zvakandichengetedza mari ye $1.50 BOM padhizaini ye12V PSU nekudurura kupisa muLayer 3 pane kubhaira paaruminiyamu.

Musiyano wemutengo? Huwandu hweprototype hunosvika $15-30 pabhodhi rimwe nerimwe remachira mana uchienzaniswa neremachira maviri kubva kumakambani mazhinji ekuChina. Mutengo wekugadzira zvidimbu zvinopfuura chiuru unowedzera $2-4 pabhodhi rimwe nerimwe. Panguva iyi, bvunzo imwe chete yeEMC yakakundikana inodhura $3000-5000 pakudzokorora bvunzo chete. Ita masvomhu.

Magadzirirwo Akakosha & Kusarudzwa Kwezvinhu

FR-4 ndiyo midziyo yako yakajairika. Nguva. Inenge 95% yemabhodhi ane nhurikidzwa ina anoishandisa nekuti FR-4 inodhura chikamu chimwe mugumi chemutengo wezvinhu zvakakosha.

Uchaona FR-4 yakanyorwa neTg ratings dzakasiyana: TG130, TG150, TG170. Uku ndiko kupisa kwegirazi uko zvinhu zvinopfava. TG130-140 yakajairika inoshanda zvakanaka kune zvigadzirwa zvevatengi. Unoda TG170 yemidziyo yemotokari kana yeindasitiri iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kana pedyo neinjini. Tg yakakwira inodhura 15-20% kupfuura asi inokupa kuvimbika pa130°C ambient panzvimbo pe105°C chete.

Zvinhu zveRogers zvinopinda mumufananidzo wemagadzirirwo eRF pamusoro pe1GHz. Rogers 4350B inodhura ka8-12 kupfuura mutengo weFR-4. Unoishandisa kana uchida kudzora kwakasimba kwe dielectric constant ye microstrip antennas kana impedance-critical transmission lines. 

Kukora kweBhodi

Yakajairwa i1.6mm. Izvi zvinokwana nzvimbo dzePCB dzakajairwa muzvivharo uye zvinopa kuomarara kwakanaka kwemuchina wekubatanidza nemaoko. Unogona kuodha 0.8mm yezvishandiso zvakatetepa zvakanyanya senge zvinopfekwa, 1.0mm yemagadzirirwo anodhura zvakanyanya, kana 2.0mm yemabhodhi emagetsi ane simba rakawanda. Ingoziva kuti kutetepa kupfuura 1.6mm kunoita kuti bhodhi rinyatsogonya panguva yekubatanidza, izvo zvinogona kutyora majoini e solder pazvikamu zvikuru.

Copper Weight

Matanda ekunze anowanzo shandisa 1oz yemhangura. Izvi zvinobata 3-4A patrace imwe neimwe ine upamhi hwakaringana. Simba remukati uye mapurani epasi zvinowanzo tsanangura 1oz zvakare, kunyange hazvo vamwe vagadziri vasingashandisi 0.5oz pamatanda emukati kuti vachengetedze mari. Tarisa izvi pamutengo wako. 

Kune magadzirirwo emagetsi ane simba remagetsi rinosvika 10A+, unogona kuodha mhangura ye2oz kana kunyange 3oz, asi inodhura zvakanyanya uye inoderedza hupamhi hwetrace yako shoma sezvo mhangura yakakora yakaoma kuveza zvinhu zvakapfava.

Impedans Control

Apa ndipo panopenya mabhodhi ane layer 4. Unoda controlled impedance ye USB, Ethernet, HDMI, kana DDR memory. Calculator inoburitsa trace width zvichienderana ne stackup geometry yako. 50Ω microstrip yakajairika pabhodhi rine layer 4 rine 1oz copper uye 10mil dielectric spacing inosvika 12-15 mils. Vagadziri vanobhadharisa $50-150 yekuwedzera ye impedance control nekuti vanofanirwa kuyedza makuponi uye kusimbisa mhedzisiro.

Unofanira kupa imba yako yakanaka zvinhu zvakagadziriswa kana uchida impedance inodzorwa. Kuvaudza kuti ndinoda 50 ohms pasina kutsanangura ukobvu hwe dielectric uye kukosha kweEr kunovasiya vachifungidzira. Kazhinji vanofungidzira zvisizvo.

Kugadzira kugona

Dhizaini yako yakanaka chete sezvingagadzirwa nechinhu chakagadzirwa. Heino maitiro akajairika ekugadzira zvinhu zvine layer 4 pakugadzira zvinhu zvakanaka zvekuChina kusvika muna 2026:

Kutevedza Kushoma

 4mil/4mil inokwanisika muzvitoro zvakawanda pasina mitengo yepamusoro. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti ushandise pakati pe0.5mm pitch BGA pads. Unogona kusundira kusvika 3mil/3mil kana kunyange 2.5mil/2.5mil, asi tarisira kukwidzwa kwemari uye nguva yakareba yekutungamira. Kune akawanda madhizaini, 5mil/5mil kana 6mil/6mil inoshanda zvakanaka uye inochengetedza mitengo yakaderera.

Minimum Gomba Saizi

 Kuboorwa kwemuchina kunodzikira kusvika pa 0.2mm dhayamita. Chero chipi zvacho chidiki chinoda kuboorwa ne laser, izvo zvinokupeta katatu mutengo we via. Ma via akajairwa ane maburi e 0.3mm ane ma pads e 0.6mm. Aya akachipa uye akavimbika.

Surface Inopedzisa

 HASL inodhura zvishoma asi inosiya nzvimbo isina kuenzana iyo inokonzera matambudziko kune zvikamu zve fine-pitch zviri pasi pe 0.5mm. ENIG inowedzera $15-25 pamitengo yeprototype asi inokupa nzvimbo yakati sandara, inodzivirira oxidation inogara kwenguva refu kwemwedzi gumi nemiviri. 

Unogona kushandisa ENIG chero chinhu chine QFNs kana BGAs. OSP iri pakati pemutengo uye nguva yekushanda, inoshanda kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Immersion Silver inoshanda zvakafanana neENIG nemutengo wakaderera zvishoma asi inosviba nekukurumidza.

Solder Mask Colors

 Girini rakajairika uye harina muripo. Dema rinotaridzika serenyanzvi, asi rinoita kuti kuongorora kuve kwakaoma sezvo usingakwanise kuona zviratidzo pasi pemasiki. Chena inoshanda zvakanaka pamabhodhi e LED nekuti inoratidza chiedza. Bhuruu netsvuku sarudzo dzerunako dzinowedzera $10-20 kuma prototypes. Dema rakapfava rava kufarirwa pazvigadzirwa zvevatengi, asi rinodhura zvakatowanda.

Mapofu uye Akavigwa Vias

 Madhizaini mazhinji ane mativi mana anoshandisa maburi akajairwa anoboorwa kusvika apinda. Maburi akavharika kana maburi akavigwa anokutendera kuti ushandise madhizaini akakora, asi anowedzera mutengo wakawanda. Tarisira mutengo wakakwira we3-5×. Dzivisa kunze kwekunge usingakwanise kupukunyuka 0.4mm BGA neimwe nzira.

Mashandisirwo Makuru ePCB dzine Zvikamu Zvina

Unowana mabhodhi ane nhurikidzwa ina kwese kwese mumagetsi emazuva ano.

Power Supplies

 Simba remagetsi rinoshandisa Switch-mode rinopfuura 15W rinowanzo shandiswa rine madziro mana. Pasi pevhu panoderedza ruzha rweswitching, uye pasi pemagetsi parinoparadzira mafungu emagetsi akakwira pasina mafuta akawanda. Takagadzira 80W LED driver pabhodhi rine madziro maviri kamwe chete. Rakashanda, asi raiburitsa ruzha rwakawanda zvekuti rakakanganisa redhiyo yeAM munzvimbo yemutengi.

Consumer Electronics

 Midziyo yepamba yakangwara, maWiFi routers, maBluetooth speaker, nechero chinhu chine waya yekubatanidza chinoda dhizaini ine mativi mana kuti ibudirire muFCC testing. Kushanda kweantenna chete ndiko kunoratidza mutengo nekuti kuiswa kwendege yepasi kunokanganisa zvakananga mapatani emwaranzi uye kushanda zvakanaka kwayo.

Vatongi veMotokari

Magetsi emotokari anotarisana nemamiriro eEMI akaomarara ane ruzha rwe alternator, spikes yekupisa, uye kupindirana kwekuchinja kwemota. Mabhodhi ane mativi mana ane mapurani akakodzera epasi anopona dutu iri remagetsi. Zvakare, zviyero zvekupisa kwemotokari zvinoda zvinhu zveTG170 zvinoshanda kubva -40°C kusvika +125°C.

Industrial Control

PLCs, mota dzinofambisa, uye maHMI emuindasitiri anoshandisa mabhodhi ane nhurikidzwa ina kudzivirira ruzha. Paunoisa michina mufekitori iri pedyo nemaVFD nemawelders, unoda dziviriro yese yaunogona kuwana.

LED Dhirairi

Madhiraivha e LED ane simba guru anobatsirwa nekupararira kwekupisa kwemhepo yemukati memhangura. Dhiraivha ye LED ye50W iri padanho re4 inogona kuparadzira kupisa kuburikidza nedanho re3, ichideredza tembiricha yekupisa ne15-20°C zvichienzaniswa nedanho re2.

Maitiro Ekuderedza Mutengo Wako wePCB WemaLayer 4

Mitengo yemaprototype inoita kuti vanhu vatye. Unoona mitengo ye$180 yemabhodhi mashanu wobva washamisika kana kugadzirwa kwayo kuchizokukanganisa. Hazvizodaro.

uwandu

Mabhodhi mashanu eprototype kubva kuchina yakagadzirwa muChina anosvika $100-200, zvichienderana nehukuru uye maficha. Asi mapuranga zana anogona kudhura $300-400. Mari yekugadzirisa inoderedzwa. Paunosvika zvidimbu chiuru, unenge wava kutarisira $3-6 pabhodhi rega rega re100mm × 100mm. Usaite sarudzo dzekugadzira zvichibva pamitengo yeprototype.

Via Technology

 Ma "via" anoburitswa nepaburi anodhura zvishoma. Ma "via" anovhara kana kuti anovigwa anowanza mutengo wako ne 3-5× nekuti anoda "lamination cycles" dzakawanda. Kunze kwekunge uri kugadzira foni kana "super-compact overwear" inopfekwa, ramba uchishandisa ma "via" anoburitswa nepaburi.

Kukura kweBhodhi uye Kugadziriswa kwePaneru

Vagadziri vanogadzira maPCB pahukuru hwemapaneru akajairwa, kazhinji 18″ × 24″. Kana saizi yebhodhi rako ichibvumira makopi akawanda papaneru rimwe nerimwe risina marara akawanda, mutengo unodzikira. Bhodhi re95mm × 95mm rinokwana mana papaneru rimwe nerimwe kana richishandiswa zvakanaka. Bhodhi re110mm × 87mm rinokwana zvisina kunaka uye rinorasa zvinhu. Dzimwe nguva kuderedza bhodhi rako ne5mm kunoderedza mutengo wepayuniti ne15% nekuda kwekushanda zvakanaka kwepaneru.

Lead Time

 Nguva yakatarwa yekuburitsa zvinhu inotora mazuva manomwe kusvika gumi kubva kuvagadziri vekuChina. Basa rekumhanyisa rinodhura 2-3× kupfuura. Kunze kwekunge uri kumhanya kuenda kumutambo wekutengeserana, shandisa nguva yakatarwa yekuburitsa zvinhu. 

Dhizaini Kuomarara

 Kudzora kupindira kwesimbi, madonhwe esimbi ari pasi pe5mil, kana mhangura inorema 2oz+ zvese zvinokwidza simba rekugadzira. Chengeta dhizaini yako ichigadzirwa nemaitiro akajairwa, uye mitengo yacho inoramba yakagadzikana.

Chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemutengo: usashandise mari shoma pakugadzira pamusoro pemabhodhi kuti uchengetedze $15 pabhodhi rega rega. Mutengi anochengetedza $200 pamabhodhi mazana maviri achishandisa HASL panzvimbo peENIG. Zvadaro vakashandisa $4000 vachigadzirisa 30% yemabhodhi nekuti kusaenzana kwenzvimbo yacho kwakakonzera kutemwa kwematombo pa0402 resistors panguva yekudzoreredza. 

pfupiso

MaPCB ane layer mana anodhura kupfuura mabhodhi ane layer maviri asi anopa hunhu huri nani hwesignali, EMI performance, uye routing density. Stackup yakajairika inoisa pasi nemagetsi mukati ne layer dzesignali pamusoro nepazasi. Iyi configuration inobata masignali ekumhanya kwepamusoro, inopfuura EMC testing, uye inobvumira kuiswa kwezvikamu zvakawandisa. Isa mafaira ako eGerber kuti uwane quotes ipapo ipapo uye mhinduro dzeDFM usati wazvipira kugadzira.

About Wonderful PCB

Wonderful PCB Tinobata zvese kubva pakugadzira maindasitiri uye mainjiniya emagetsi kusvika pakugadzira maPCB ane mativi mana. Tinoshanda nemakambani epasi rose kugadzira nekuunganidza mabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa ane mativi mana muChina.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Mabhodhi Edunhu Ane Zvikamu Zvina

Ndingashandisa bhodhi rine mativi mana here pakugadzira magadzirirwo epamusoro-soro?

Unogona kushandisa 6GHz neFR-4 yakajairwa. Pamusoro pezvo, unoda maRogers kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinoderedza kurasikirwa. Chinhu chakakosha kudzora dielectric constant yako uye kuchengetedza stackup yako yakafanana. Kune 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, kana sub-1 GHz ISM-band designs, FR-4 inoshanda zvakanaka. Ndakagadzira GPS receiver paFR-4 pasina matambudziko.

Kobvu hwepakati pemukati hwakaita sei?

Pabhodhi rakapedzwa re1.6mm, simbi yepakati inowanzova neukobvu hwe1.0mm. Matanda maviri eprepreg anowedzera 0.3mm rimwe nerimwe. Unorasikirwa ne0.07mm pakukora kwemhangura. Izvi zvinokupa mamirimita angangoita 10-12 e dielectric pakati peLayer 1 neLayer 2, iyo yakakodzera 50Ω controlled impedance traces.

Ndingatumira sei mafaira eGerber kune PCB ine mativi mana?

Unoda mafaira eGerber akasiyana padanho rega rega, pamwe nemafaira ekuboorera. Export Top Copper, Ground Plane, Power Plane, Bottom Copper, Top Soldermask, Bottom Soldermask, Top Silkscreen, Bottom Silkscreen, uye bhodhi. Wedzera mafaira eNC Drill emaburi ekupfuura. Zvishandiso zvakawanda zveCAD zvemazuva ano, KiCad, Altium, uye EAGLE, zvine matemplate mana anotumira zvese nemazvo. Mugadziri anofanira kuziva kuti ndeipi danho remukati rakamiswa uye kuti nderipi rinofambiswa. Isa faira rekudhirowa kana rekunyora rinotsanangura Layer 2 = GND uye Layer 3 = VCC.