Vanhu vazhinji vanosanganisa machipisi, semiconductors, uye maseketi akabatanidzwa. Izwi rega rega rinoreva chikamu chakasiyana chekuti tekinoroji inoshanda sei mumidziyo. Semuenzaniso, paunoshandisa smartphone, unoshandisa zvikamu izvi zuva rega rega. Mutsara machipisi vs semiconductors vs akasanganiswa maseketi anoratidza kuti mazwi aya ane hukama sei asiwo akasiyana. Chips vs semiconductors vs akasanganiswa maseketi anonongedza iro rakakosha basa iro rimwe nerimwe rine zvemagetsi.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
Semiconductors zvinhu zvakakosha sesilicon. Vanobatsira kudzora magetsi. Ndivo hwaro hwezvinhu zvese zvemagetsi.
Chips zvimedu zvidiki zvakachekwa kubva kune semiconductor wafers. Vanobata masekete akabatanidzwa. Aya maseketi anobatsira michina kuita mabasa mazhinji.
Akabatanidzwa maseketi masisitimu madiki akavakirwa pamachipisi. Vanobatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda pamwechete. Izvi zvinoita kuti michina iite diki, nekukurumidza, uye yakasimba.
Maitiro acho anotanga nema semiconductors. Zvadaro, ma wafers anogadzirwa. Zvadaro, ma integrated circuits anovakwa. Pakupedzisira, machipisi anochekwa.
Chips, semiconductors, uye masekete akabatanidzwa anoshanda pamwechete. Vanobatsira magetsi zvinhu zvakaita semafoni, makomputa, uye mota.
Chips vs Semiconductors vs Integrated Circuits
Chips
Machipisi zvidimbu zvidiki zvine macircuit emagetsi mukati. Vanhu vanoadaidzawo kuti ma microchips. Machipisi aya anowanikwa muzvinhu zvakaita semafoni, makomputa, nemota. Chip yega yega inogona kuita mabasa akawanda, akadai sekubata data kana kuchengetedza ruzivo. Mainjiniya anogadzira machipisi ekushandisa zvakasiyana. Mamwe machipisi anobatsira mudziyo kushanda, uye mamwe anobatsira nekurangarira kana mifananidzo. Mumagetsi, machipisi vs semiconductor vs integrated circuits akakosha nekuti machipisi ndiwo anopinda mumidziyo. Machipisi ane mamiriyoni ezvikamu zvidiki zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti tekinoroji ishande.
Cherechedza: Machipisi anoshandiswa kwese kwese. Anobatsira pakushandisa zvinhu zvakaita semichina yekuwachisa uye magame consoles.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoita kuti magetsi afambe mune dzimwe nguva. Silicon ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa semiconductor. Zvinhu izvi ndizvo hwaro hwemagetsi mazhinji nhasi. Pasina semiconductors, machipisi uye maseketi akabatanidzwa aisazoitwa. Semiconductors ane akakosha maficha anoita kuti mainjiniya adzore magetsi. Izvi zvinovabatsira kuvaka matunhu akaoma. Mune machipisi vs semiconductors vs akabatanidzwa maseketi, semiconductors anouya pekutanga. Ndiwo hwaro hwezvimwe zvese zvemagetsi zvikamu.
zvinhu | Shandisa muElectronics |
|---|---|
Silicon | Most common base |
Germanium | Inoshandiswa mune mamwe diode |
Gallium Arsenide | High-speed zvishandiso |
Yakabatanidzwa Matunhu
Macircuit akabatanidzwa, kana kuti maIC , masisitimu madiki ane zvikamu zvakawanda pachip imwe chete. Zvikamu izvi zvinhu zvakaita sema transistors, resistors, uye capacitors. Macircuit akabatanidzwa anogona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita sekuita kuti masaini ave akasimba kana kubata ruzivo. Kugadzirwa kwemacircuit akabatanidzwa kwakachinja maelectronics zvakanyanya. MaIC akaita kuti zvishandiso zvive zvidiki uye zvakasimba. Mumachips vs semiconductor vs macircuit akabatanidzwa, macircuit akabatanidzwa ndiwo ma hard circuits akavakirwa pamachips achishandisa ma semiconductors. Mazhinji emagetsi nhasi anoshandisa ma IC nekuti anochengetedza nzvimbo nesimba. Mainjiniya vanoti IC pavanotaura nezvehuropi hwemakomputa, mafoni, nezvimwewo. Mimwe michina inoshandisa maIC anopfuura imwe kuita mabasa akasiyana.
Zano: Maseketi akabatanidzwa dzimwe nguva anonzi ma microchips, asi haasi ma chip ese ane IC.
Kusiyana uye Hukama
Yenyama vs Inoshanda
Misiyano yemuviri inoratidza kuti machipisi, semiconductors, uye maseketi akabatanidzwa haana kufanana. Semiconductors zvinhu zvakaita sesilicon. Vanhu vanogadzira izvi kuita zvimedu zvitete zvinonzi mawafers. Wafers ndiwo hwaro hwekuvaka zvikamu zvemagetsi. Machipisi zvimedu zvidiki zvakachekwa kubva pazvimedu. Chipi chimwe nechimwe chine zvikamu zvidiki zvakawanda zvinoshanda pamwechete. Maseketi akabatanidzwa anovakwa pamachipisi. Vane akawanda transistors uye zvimwe zvikamu. Izvi zvikamu zvinobatsira chip kuita basa rayo.
Kushanda kunoreva zvinoita chikamu chimwe nechimwe. Semiconductors anobatsira kudzora magetsi. Machipisi anoshandisa izvi kuita mabasa mumidziyo. Maseketi akabatanidzwa anowedzera simba nekuisa zvikamu zvakawanda pamwechete. Izvi zvinoita kuti mainjiniya agadzire midziyo midiki uye yakasimba. Semuenzaniso, imwe chip mufoni inogona kubata ndangariro. Imwe chip inogona kubata mifananidzo. Zvinoitwa nechip zvinoenderana nemasekete akabatanidzwa mukati.
Cherechedza: Kugadzira machipisi kunotanga nema semiconductors. Kunoguma nema integrated circuits anopa michina mabasa ayo akakosha.
Material vs Chishandiso
Semiconductors ndiyo yekutanga zvinhu. Ivo vanobva kuzvinhu zvakaita sesilicon. Mainjiniya anokura izvi kuita zvitete zvitete. Kushandura wafer kuita zvishandiso kunotora matanho mazhinji. Chips ndiwo midziyo yakapedzwa yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvimedu. Imwe neimwe chip inogona kuve diki komputa kana ndangariro chikamu. Integrated circuits ndiwo magadzirirwo anoiswa pamachipisi. Vanoshandisa transistors uye zvimwe zvikamu kuti chip chishande.
izwi | Zvazviri | Basa muElectronics |
|---|---|---|
Semiconductors | zvinhu | Nheyo yemidziyo yese |
Vaipi | Zvimedu zvitete | Inoshandiswa kugadzira machipisi |
Chips | mudziyo | Inobata masekete akabatanidzwa |
Yakabatanidzwa Matunhu | Inopa machipisi kushanda |
Kugadzira mudziyo kunotanga nemasemiconductors. Zvadaro, mainjiniya anogadzira zvimedu. Ipapo ivo vanovaka masekete akabatanidzwa pawafers. Pakupedzisira, vanocheka zvimedu kuita machipisi. Nhanho imwe neimwe inowedzera simba kune yekupedzisira chigadzirwa.
Vanobatana Sei
Chips, semiconductors, uye maseketi akabatanidzwa akabatanidzwa nematanho. Chekutanga, mainjiniya anoshandisa semiconductors kugadzira zvimedu. Vanobva vashandisa photolithography kuvaka maseketi akabatanidzwa pawafers. Aya maseketi ane akawanda transistors. Transistors inobatsira kudzora masaini uye kuchengetedza data. Mushure mekugadzira masekete, vanocheka zvimedu kuita machipisi. Imwe neimwe chip ikozvino inoshanda nekuda kwemasekete akabatanidzwa mukati.
Semiconductors ndiyo nheyo yezvinhu.
Wafers anogadzirwa kubva kune semiconductors.
Maseketi akabatanidzwa anovakwa pawafers.
Machipisi akachekwa kubva pawafer uye ane maseketi akasanganiswa.
Iyi nzira inopa chipu chimwe nechimwe basa rayo. Huwandu hwema transistors uye dhizaini yemasekete akabatanidzwa anosarudza kuti chip inoshanda sei. Zvishandiso zvakaita semakomputa nemafoni zvinoshandisa machipisi akawanda. Chip chimwe nechimwe chinoita zvakasiyana. Iyo nzira inobatanidza zvinhu, dhizaini, uye mudziyo mune imwe system.
Zano: Kuziva matanho aya kunobatsira vanhu kuona kuti nei machipisi, masemiconductor, uye macircuit akabatanidzwa zvakakosha mumagetsi.
Semiconductor Kugadzira
Semiconductor kugadzira inoshandura zvinhu zviri nyore kuita machipisi akasimba. Iyi nzira ine matanho akawanda ekugadzira machipisi kubva kune zvigadzirwa. Nhanho yega yega inobatsira kuvaka zvikamu zvidiki izvo zvinoita kuti magetsi ashande.
Wafer Production
Kugadzirwa kweWafer ndiyo nhanho yekutanga mukugadzira semiconductor. Mafekitari anoshandisa silicon yakachena kugadzira machipisi. Vashandi vanonyungudutsa silicon voigadzira kuita masilinda makuru. Vanocheka masilinda aya kuita zvitete zvitete, zvitete. Izvi zvinonzi wafer production. Silicon wafer kugadzira inogadzira zvimedu zvakapfava. Aya mawafer ndiwo hwaro hwematanho anotevera. Wafer imwe chete inogona kubata machipisi akawanda.
Zano: Silicon chip wafers inofanira kugara yakachena kwazvo. Kunyangwe guruva diki rinogona kukanganisa maitiro ekugadzira chip.
IC Kugadzirwa
Kugadzirwa kweIC kunoisa masekete madiki pamawafer. Iyi nhanho inoshandisa yakakosha maturusi mukugadzira semiconductor. Photolithography inopenya chiedza kuburikidza nemasiki kugadzira mapatani pawafer. Kudyarwa kweion kunowedzera zvidimbu zvidiki zvezvimwe zvinhu kushandura wafer. Mafekitari anodzokorora matanho aya kakawanda. Nheyo imwe neimwe inowedzera zvikamu zvitsva kune chip. Nzira yacho inofanira kungwarira zvikuru. Kunyange kukanganisa kuduku kunogona kuputsa chip. Kugadzirwa kweIC chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira machipisi.
Chip Packaging
Mushure mekugadzirwa kweIC, vashandi vanocheka mawafer kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chinenge chip. Danho rinotevera kurongedza chip . Danho iri rinodzivirira chip uye rinoibatsira kubatana nezvimwe zvikamu. Kuvhara chip negoko rakasimba. Waya kana mabumps zvinoita kuti chip itaure nemudziyo. Kurongedza kwakanaka kunochengetedza chip kubva pakupisa, guruva, uye kukuvara. Danho rekupedzisira rinoongorora kana chip yega yega ichishanda isati yabuda mufekitori.
Step | Main Process Yakashandiswa | chinangwa |
|---|---|---|
Wafer Production | Slicing, kuchenesa | Gadzira zvimedu zvakapfava |
IC Kugadzirwa | Photolithography, ion implantation | Vaka matunhu |
Chip Packaging | Encapsulation, wiring | Chengetedza uye batanidza chip |
Semiconductor kugadzira ine matanho akawanda uye inoshandisa yakakosha maturusi. Nhanho yega yega inofanirwa kunge yakanyatso gadzira machipisi emidziyo yemazuva ano.
Zvishandiso uye Nhoroondo
Real-World Inoshandiswa
Vanhu vanoshandisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nekugadzira semiconductor zuva nezuva. Midziyo yakaita semafoni, malaptop, nemota inoda machipisi anobva kumawafer . Machipisi aya anobatsira mudziyo wega wega kuita zvinhu zvakakosha. Semuenzaniso, smartphone ine machipisi akawanda. Mamwe machipisi anobata ndangariro, anoratidza mifananidzo, kana kubatana neinternet. Chip yega yega inotanga sewafer yakatetepa yesilicon. Inopfuura nepakati pemaitiro ekungwarira mufekitori.
Mafekitari anogadzirawo machipisi emidziyo yekurapa, midziyo yemumba, uye matoyi. Kugadzira machipisi aya kunotora matanho mazhinji. Nhanho imwe neimwe inopa chip mamwe mabasa ekuita. Mainjiniya vanogadzira machipisi emidziyo yakasiyana. Mamwe machipisi anobatsira makomputa kumhanya nekukurumidza. Vamwe vanochengeta mapikicha kana kutamba mitambo.
Ongorora: Kushandura mawafer kuita machipisi kunobatsira tekinoroji kushanda zvirinani uye kuita zvimwe zvinhu.
Makiyi Milestones
Nhoroondo yekugadzira semiconductor ine nguva zhinji hombe. Muna 1947, vanhu vatatu vakaita transistor yekutanga. Izvi zvakatanga nguva itsva yemagetsi. Mumakore ekuma1950, mainjiniya akashandisa zvimedu kugadzira masekete akaomarara. Jack Kilby naRobert Noyce vakaita matunhu akabatanidzwa ekutanga. Izvi zvakashandura magadzirirwo emagetsi emagetsi.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mafekitari akave nani pakugadzira machipisi. Vakadzidza kuita zvimedu zvitete uye kuchenesa. Izvi zvinoita kuti machipisi aite mamwe mabasa munzvimbo shoma. Vanhu vakawanda vaida midziyo yemagetsi. Makambani akashanda nekukurumidza kugadzira machipisi ari nani uye kuwedzera maficha matsva. Nhasi, mafekitari anoshandisa michina yakangwara kuisa zvidimbu zvidiki pamawafer. Izvi zvinobatsira tekinoroji kuti ikurumidze uye kuita zvimwe zvinhu.
Gore | Rinokosha | Kukanganisa Kugadzira |
|---|---|---|
1947 | Kutanga transistor | Kutanga kwemagetsi emazuva ano |
1958 | Masekete ekutanga akabatanidzwa | Kuwedzera kushanda mumidziyo |
1970s | Automated kugadzira | Zvimedu zvinokurumidza, zvakavimbika |
nhasi | Advanced process | Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvepamusoro |
Chips, semiconductors, uye masekete akabatanidzwa ese ane basa rawo mune zvemagetsi. Semiconductors ndiyo huru zvinhu izvo zvese zvinotanga nazvo. Maseketi akabatanidzwa anobatsira machipisi kuita zvimwe zvinhu uye kushanda zvirinani. Zvinoitwa nezvikamu izvi zvinoshandura mashandiro anoita michina, kubva kumabasa ari nyore kuenda kune akaomarara. Mafekitari anoisa zvikamu izvi pamwechete kuitira kuti chip yega yega ishande nenzira kwayo. Vanhu vanoshandisa tekinoroji iyi mazuva ese muhupenyu hwavo. Sezvo mafekitori ari kuita nani, zvishandiso zvinozoita zvakatowanda uye kuva nehungwaru uye kusimba mune ramangwana.
FAQ
Ndeupi mutsauko mukuru pakati pechip uye dunhu rakasanganiswa?
Chipi kadikidiki kanobata masekete. Dunhu rakasanganiswa ndiro boka rezvikamu zviduku zvakavakwa pa chip. Zvikamu izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se transistors. Yese chip inogona kuve neimwe kana akawanda akabatanidzwa maseketi mukati.
Sei machipisi mazhinji achishandisa silicon sechinhu chepasi?
Silicon yakanaka pakudzora magetsi. Zvakare zvakachipa uye zviri nyore kuwana. Mafekitari anogona kuita silicon yakachena kwazvo. Izvi zvinobatsira machipisi kushanda zvakanaka uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Mudziyo mumwe ungave neanopfuura chip chimwechete here?
Ehe. Midziyo yakaita semafoni nemakomputa inoshandisa machipisi akawanda. Chipu yega yega inoita basa rakakosha mumudziyo. Semuenzaniso, chipu imwe inochengeta ndangariro. Imwe chipu inobata mifananidzo kana ruzha.
Masemiconductors ese anoshandiswa kugadzira machipisi?
Kwete. Haasi ese semiconductor anova chip. Mamwe semiconductors anoshandiswa kune zvimwe zvikamu, senge diode kana masensa. Machipisi mazhinji anoshandisa silicon, asi mamwe anoshandisa mamwe semiconductors kumabasa akakosha.
Maseketi akabatanidzwa anobatsira sei kuita midziyo midiki?
Maseketi akabatanidzwa anoisa zvikamu zvakawanda pamwechete pane imwe chip. Izvi zvinochengetedza nzvimbo uye zvinoreva kuti zvidimbu zvishoma zvakaparadzana zvinodiwa. Midziyo inova diki, kureruka, uye inoshandisa simba shoma.
