Kubvumidzwa kwemhangura mukugadzirwa kwePCB hakusi kukosha kwakajairika. Mhangura imuchina wekufambisa magetsi, saka kukosha kwayo hakuperi. Nekuda kweizvi, vagadziri vanotarisa mashandiro emhangura nepamusoro. Mhangura iri muPCB inogona kunge ine kuomarara kwakasiyana pamusoro. Kuomarara uku kunogona kuchinja mafambiro ezviratidzo uye kunaka kwazvo.
Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza kuti roughness inochinja sei kuita kwemagetsi:
Parameter | Value Range (microns) | Kureva Kukosha (microns) | Impact paPCB Dhizaini uye Magetsi Zvivakwa |
|---|---|---|---|
Copper foil roughness (Rz) | 0.7 kuna 1.6 | ~ 1.2 kusvika 1.3 | Shanduko mukukasharara kunoita kuti zviome kufanotaura impedance uye kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwechiratidzo. |
Kuziva nezve kubvumirwa kwemhangura uye maficha ayo anobatsira mainjiniya kuita zvirinani uye zvakavimbika dhizaini.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
Mhangura yemvumo yehukama inenge isingaperi nekuti ndeye conductor, saka vanogadzira vanonyanya kufunga nezvekuti inotakura magetsi sei uye kuti nzvimbo yayo yakatsetseka sei.
Kana mhangura yakakasharara, inogona kukanganisa kunaka kwemasaini pahuwandu hwemasaini nekuita kuti kuramba uye kurasikirwa nemasaini kuwedzere kuipa, saka mhangura yakatsetseka inobatsira maPCB kushanda zviri nani.
Ukobvu uye diki chimiro chemhangura inobatsira maPCB kugara kwenguva refu nekuita kuti bhodhi ribate kupisa, kudzvanywa, uye kumisa mitswe kubva pakuumba nekufamba kwenguva.
Kusarudza mushonga wakakodzera pamusoro pechinhu kunochengetedza mhangura kubva mungura uye kunobatsira kuti zviratidzo zvirambe zvakasimba, izvo zvinoita kuti maPCB agare kwenguva refu.
Kutarisa zvinhu zvemhangura, magadzirirwo azvinoitwa, uye nekuzviyedza zvine hungwaru zvinoita kuti hunhu hurambe hwakafanana uye maPCB anoshanda zvirinani.
Relative Permittivity yeMhangura
Permittivity Basics
Permittivity inotiudza kuti chinhu chinobata sei nesimba remagetsi. Inoratidza kuti chinhu chinogona kuchengeta simba remagetsi rakadii. Mainjiniya anoshandisa "relative permittivity" kuenzanisa chinhu ne vacuum. Kukosha uku kunonziwo dielectric constant . Mukugadzirwa kwePCB, zvinhu zvakaita seFR-4 kana mamwe ma laminates zvakakosha. Relative permittivity yavo inokanganisa kufamba kwemasaini mubhodhi. Inobatsirawo kusarudza saizi uye chimiro chematanho edunhu.
Semuenzaniso, FR-4 yakajairika PCB zvinhu. Kubvumirwa kwayo kunowanzova pakati pe4.2 ne4.3. Izvi zvinoyerwa pamafrequency kubva pa300 MHz kusvika pa2 GHz. Mainjiniya anoshandisa nzira dzakakosha kuyera izvi zvakakosha. Vanogona kushandisa microstrip ring resonators kana planar transmission lines. Idzi nzira dzinovaka bvunzo zvimiro paPCB. Zvadaro, vanoyera kuti masaini anoita sei. Mhedzisiro yacho inobatsira vagadziri kusarudza zvinhu zvakanakisa. Vanogonawo kufungidzira kuti bhodhi richashanda sei. Kuyera dielectric inogara zvakanaka kwakakosha. Inobata chiratidzo chekumhanya, impedance, uye kuti yakavimbika sei dunhu.
Ongorora: Iyo dielectric yenguva dzose yePCB substrate inogona kuchinja ne frequency. Mainjiniya vanofanirwa kufunga nezve izvi pavanenge vachigadzira maseketi ekumhanya.
Basa Rakasarudzika reCopper
Mhangura yakasiyana muPCB dhizaini. Iko conductor, kwete dielectric. Kubvumirwa kwemhangura kunonzi hakuperi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mhangura haichengete simba remagetsi sezvinoita insulators. Pane kudaro, mhangura inoita kuti magetsi afambe zviri nyore. Mainjiniya haashandise mvumo yemhangura pakugadzira. Ivo vane hanya zvakanyanya nezve copper's conductivity, ukobvu, uye pamusoro pemhando.
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza zvinhu zvemhangura. Hushasha kana oxidation inogona kushandura mafambiro ezviratidzo pakakwirira. Izvi zvinhu zvinokanganisa hunhu impedance uye chiratidzo chekuvimbika. Semuenzaniso, rough mhangura inogona kuita kuti kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo kuwedzere pane yakakwirira frequency. Vagadziri vanoedza kudzora kuchena kwemhangura uye kurapwa kwepamusoro. Izvi zvinobatsira masaini kufamba zvirinani muPCB.
Kana mainjiniya akayera dielectric zvimiro zvePCB, haasanganisire mhangura layer. Vanotarisa pane substrate zvinhu panzvimbo. Basa reMhangura nderekutakura zviratidzo, kwete kuchengeta simba remagetsi. Asi, kana uchiyedza PCB yapera, mhangura inogona kushandura mhedzisiro. Saka, zvakakosha kushandisa nzira dzakafanana dzekuyera. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kuziva mutsauko uripo pakati pekuyedza chete laminate uye kuyedza iyo PCB yese.
Copper Properties muPCB
Conductivity uye Surface Effects
Mhangura ndiyo huru conductor inoshandiswa muPCBs. Inobvumira magetsi kufamba nyore nyore. Izvi zvakakosha pakufambisa kwemasaini zvakanaka. Hunhu hwemhangura hutsva hunokosha zvakanyanya. Kana mhangura ine yakaderera sheet kuramba, zviratidzo zvinofamba nekukurumidza. Panewo kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo kushoma.
Pamusoro pemadonhwe emhangura zvakakoshawo. Zvinhu zvakaita sekudzivirira pamusoro, kuomarara, uye oxidation zvinogona kuchinja mashandiro anoita PCB. Oxidation inoita chidimbu chakatetepa pamusoro pemhangura. Chidimbu ichi chinogona kuwedzera kusimba uye kudzikira kwe conductivity. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, vagadziri vanoshandisa ma coatings akakosha . Ma coatings aya anobatsira kuti mhangura irambe ichishanda zvakanaka.
Nyanzvi dzesainzi dzakaona kuti chimiro chemhangura nehukobvu hwayo zvinokosha. Mhangura yakakora uye tsanga dzakakura zvinobatsira mhangura kubata kushushikana uye kuchinja kwekupisa. Izvi zvinoita kuti maPCB agare kwenguva refu kana apisa kana kuti akakombama.
Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza kuti kupisa uye nguva zvinoshandura sei kupikisa pepa remhangura. Lower sheet resistance zvinoreva kuti mhangura inoshanda zvirinani uye masaini anofamba nekukurumidza.
Calcination Temperature (°C) | Nguva (min) | Kupokana neshizha (mΩ/B) |
|---|---|---|
400 | 30 | 7.4 |
350 | 30 | 27.2 |
300 | 30 | 41.3 |
300 | 60 | 40.6 |
250 | 30 | 47.6 |
250 | 60 | 45.4 |
200 | 30 | N / A |
Kwete-calcination | 0 | N / A |
Miedzo inoratidza kuti mafirimu emhangura anopisa pa 250 ° C haashanduki zvakanyanya mukudzivisa mapepa mushure memwedzi mitanhatu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanoramba oxidation zvakanaka. EDS bvunzo dzinoratidza mafirimu aya haatore muokisijeni. Izvi zvinobatsira mhangura kuchengetedza conductivity yayo uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Zvidzidzo zvakare zvinoratidza kuti kusimba kwemhangura uye kuomarara zvine basa. Izvi zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuti PCB inotora nguva yakareba sei. Kuneta bvunzo dzinoratidza gobvu mhangura uye nani zviyo chimiro chinomisa mitswe. Izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya pedyo nesilicon die edges uko kushushikana kwakakwira. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nei zvakakosha kudzora zvinhu zvemhangura panguva yekugadzira PCB.
Kukanganisa paChiratidzo Kutendeseka
Nzvimbo yemhangura inokanganisa kunaka kwechiratidzo, kunyanya pama frequency akakwira. Kana frequency ichikwira, maitiro eganda anoitika. Izvi zvinoita kuti ikozvino iyerere zvakanyanya pamusoro pemhangura. Kana iyo nzvimbo yakaoma, nzira yemazuva ano inorebesa uye ichiwedzera. Izvi zvinosimudza kuramba uye zvinokonzera kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo.
Vatsvakurudzi vakadzidza kuti mhangura yakaoma sei inoshandura zviratidzo. Semuyenzaniso, kana hukasha huchibva pa1.5 μm kusvika 3.0 μm, iyo dielectric inogara iripo inogona kukwira ne3% painodarika gumi GHz. Shanduko iyi inokanganisa impedance uye inononoka masaini pasi. Mhangura yakakasharara inogonawo kuita kuti conductor kurasikirwa kukwire ne10% panenge pa30 GHz. Izvi zvinhu pamwe chete zvinodzikisa bandwidth uye zvinoita kuti masaini ekumhanya awedzere.
Measurable Effect | Quantitative Impact / Tsananguro | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Kuwedzera mukurwisa kunoshanda | Kusvika ku40% kuwedzera pamusoro pe1 GHz nekuda kwekushata kwepasi, zvichitungamira kune yakakwira chiratidzo attenuation | Bogatin et al., 2013 |
Kupinza kurasikirwa kuderedza | Kudzikisa roughness kubva pa3.0 μm kusvika 1.5 μm kunoderedza kurasikirwa kwekuisa ne ~ 0.1 dB/inch pa10 GHz, kusvika ku0.3 dB/inch pa50 GHz | Simonovich, 2016 |
Kuwedzera mune inoshanda dielectric constant | Kusvika pa3% kuwedzera nekukasharara kubva pa1.5 μm kusvika 3.0 μm pamafrequency ari pamusoro pe10 GHz | Huray et al., 2010 |
Kuwedzera mukurasikirwa kwekondakita | Kusvika ku30% kuwedzera uchienzanisa yakatsetseka (Rz=0.3 μm) kune yakaoma (Rz=3.0 μm) mhangura pa ~20 GHz | Nyanga et al., 2015 |
Mhedzisiro paSERDES kuvhura ziso uye BER | Masimulation anoratidza kudzikisira kwakanyanya mukuvhura ziso uye bit kukanganisa mwero kana roughness ichitariswa | eCADSTAR simulations |
Maturusi ekuenzanisa zvino ashandisa modhi seHammerstad-Jensen naHuray. Aya mamodheru anobatsira kufanotaura kuti kushata kwemhangura kuchachinja sei masaini. Ivo vanobatsira mainjiniya kugadzira maPCB anochengeta masiginecha akasimba pakakwirira. Nekuita kuti nzvimbo dzemhangura dzipfavise, vagadziri vanogona kudzikisa mitengo yekukanganisa. Izvi zvinobatsirawo maPCB kushanda zvirinani.
Zano: Kune maPCB akakwira-frequency, gara uchifunga nezvekushata kwemhangura uye machira epamusoro. Izvi zvinobatsira masaini kufamba zvirinani uye zvinoita kuti maPCB ave akavimbika.
Electrical Performance Factors
Impedance uye Geometry
Hunhu hweCopper hwakakosha pakumisikidzwa kwePCB . Upamhi uye ukobvu hwema "traces" emhangura hunokosha zvikuru. Nzvimbo iri pakati pema "traces" inochinjawo "impedance". Vagadziri vanofanira kudzora zvinhu izvi kuti vawane ma "signals" anokurumidza. Kana "impedance" isiriyo, ma "signals" anogona kudzokera shure okonzera zvikanganiso. Kukwanisa pakati pema "traces" ne "ground plane" kwakakoshawo. Kana ma "traces" ari pedyo kana pedyo nepasi, "capacitance" inokwira. Izvi zvinogona kunonotsa ma "signals" uye kukanganisa mashandiro ebhodhi.
Inductive coupling inoitika kana ikozvino mune imwe trace inogadzira magineti. Iyi ndima inogona kukanganisa mamwe maronda ari pedyo. Iyo nzira yekutevera inoparadzaniswa uye yakaturikidzana inoshandura mhedzisiro iyi. Mune multilayer PCB dhizaini, kuisa zviteshi uye ndege dzepasi munzvimbo chaiyo kunobatsira kumisa kusingade kubatana. Mainjiniya anoshandisa maturusi emakombuta kufungidzira kusagadzikana uye kuita kuti marongerwo ave nani.
Multilayer PCB Kufunga
Dhizaini yePCB ine ma "multilayer" inoita kuti vanhu vagadzire ma "circuits" akaomarara. Inobatsirawo kudzora mashandiro ebhodhi. Nekuisa ma "layer" mu "layer", vagadziri vanogona kuchengetedza nzira dzemasaini kure nemagetsi ne "ground planes". Izvi zvinoita kuti "impedance" isanyanya kugadzikana uye zvinoderedza ruzha. Kushandisa ma "ground planes" mu "multilayer board" kunobatsira kuti masaini adzoke uye kuderedza kupindirana.
Yekukurumidza maseketi, multilayer PCB dhizaini inobatsira kudzora impedance. Vagadziri vanogona kuisa matanho akakosha pakati pendege dzepasi kudzivirira kunze ruzha. Izvi zvinoita kuti bhodhi rishande zvakanaka uye rigare kwenguva refu. Zvishandiso uye kukora kwemhangura mune yega yega inoshandurawo kuti bhodhi rinoshanda sei.
Maonero Ekurapa
Kurapa kwepamusoro kunochengetedza zvisaririra zvemhangura uye kubatsira PCB kushanda zvirinani. Mapeji akasiyana ane mapoinzi avo akanaka:
ENEPIG inomisa ngura uye inoshanda zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakaoma.
ENIG inopa nzvimbo yakati sandara uye inogara kwenguva yakareba, yakanaka kune zvikamu zvidiki.
Sirivha yekunyudza yakachipa uye inovhara EMI, asi inogona kusvibisa kana isina kubatwa nemazvo.
Hard goridhe plating yakasimba kune edge yekubatanidza asi haina kunaka kune soldering.
Immersion tin yakati sandara asi inogona kumera ndebvu nekufamba kwenguva.
Mapeji ekare seHASL haasi kushandiswa zvakanyanya izvozvi. Mhedzisiro nyowani senge ENIG uye sirivheri yekunyudza yakapfava uye iri nani kune nharaunda. Hapana kupera kwakakwana kune zvese. Vagadziri vanofanira kufunga nezve mutengo, kuti unoshanda sei, uye nharaunda kana uchitora kupedzisa.
Zano: Kutora mushonga wepamusoro unobatsira masaini kufamba zvirinani uye kunoita kuti PCB igare kwenguva refu.
Kugadzirisa PCB Kugadzira
Material uye Process Control
Mainjiniya anogona kuita kuti mhangura ive nani mukugadzirwa kwepcb nekusarudza zvinhu zvakanaka uye kutarisa maitiro acho. Vanotarisa mhangura isina kugadzirwa vasati vagadzira chero chinhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhangura yakanaka chete ndiyo inoshandiswa. Panguva yekugadzira, vanotarisa maitiro acho nguva dzese. Vanotarisawo matambudziko paanoitika. Matanho aya anobatsira kumisa zvikanganiso uye kuchengetedza tambo ichishanda zvakanaka. Anodzivirirawo zvigadzirwa zvakaipa kuti zvisagadzirwa.
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuyera kukora kwemhangura uye pamusoro. Cross-sectional analysis ndeyechokwadi asi inoparadza sampuli. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) inoongorora ukobvu hwemhangura pasina kukuvara. Eddy ikozvino kuyedza inokurumidza asi haina kukwana nguva dzose. Statistical process control inoshandisa machati kuona ukobvu hwemhangura nekufamba kwenguva. Zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kutariswa nguva nenguva kuti mhedzisiro irambe iri kwayo.
Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza nzira dzakakosha dzekuita kuti mhangura ive nani mukugadzira pcb:
Methodology/Technique | tsananguro | Statistical Results/Migumisiro |
|---|---|---|
Hydrometallurgical Leaching | Mhangura leaching kubva PCBs uchishandisa Fe2(SO4)3 uye H2O2 pakamuri tembiricha | 90.5% mhangura kupora pasi pemamiriro akanaka |
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) | Statistical modeling uye optimization yemaitiro akasiyana | R² = 0.99, inosimbisa yakasimba modhi yakakodzera |
Statistical Validation (ANOVA) | Inosimbisa kukosha kwemuenzaniso uye kugona kufanotaura | High coefficient yekubatanidza (R² = 0.99) |
Nokuita zvinhu izvi, vagadziri vanogona kuchengetedza mhangura yemhando yakatsiga uye kuita kuti pcbs ishande zviri nani.
Kuedza uye Simulation
Testing uye simulation zvakakosha zvikuru pakuita chokwadi pcbs kushanda zvakanaka. Mainjiniya anoshandisa bvunzo dzakasiyana kuti awane matambudziko uye ave nechokwadi chekuti bhodhi rinoshanda nemazvo. Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) inowana matambudziko epamusoro pekutanga. Macheki eX-ray anoratidza nyaya dzakavanzwa semaburi kana zvikamu zvisina mutsetse. In-redunhu uye kushanda nemiedzo nechokwadi pcb anoshanda asati aita zvakawanda.
Environmental stress screening inoisa mapuranga kuburikidza nekupisa, kunyorova, uye kudedera. Iyi miedzo inowana nzvimbo dzisina simba vatengi vasati vawana chigadzirwa. Kupisa-mukuedza anomhanya pcb inopisa kwenguva yakareba kuti uwane matambudziko akavanzika. Vibration uye bvunzo dzekushushikana kukopa kushandiswa kwehupenyu chaihwo kutarisa makatsemuka kana zvikamu zvakatyoka.
Simulation maturusi anobatsira mainjiniya kufungidzira kuti pcb ichaita sei mumamiriro akasiyana. Zvishandiso izvi zvinobatsira kuita kuti dhizaini ive nani uye kumisa zvikanganiso zvinodhura. Kutevera mitemo yakaita seIPC neUL inoita kuti bhodhi rega rega rakachengeteka uye remhando yepamusoro.
Zano: Kushandisa nguva dzose magetsi bvunzo, simulation, uye muitiro macheki pamwe chete kunoita pcb kugadzirwa nani uye akavimbika.
Kuziva mashandiro anoita mhangura kunobatsira mainjiniya kugadzira mabhodhi ari nani. Kana mhangura ikaitwa zvakanaka, bhodhi ichagara kwenguva refu. Mhangura yakanaka inoitawo zvisungo zvakasimba. Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza kuti density iripo uye maseru anochinja sei kuvimbika:
Factor | Impact paKuvimbika (SNR kana Kusiyana%) | Yakakosha Tsvaga |
|---|---|---|
Current Density | 6.88 dB yakakwirira SNR pa2 A/dm² vs 1 A/dm² | Makristasi akanaka emhangura, kubatanidza zviri nani |
Uwandu akaturikidzana | 6.29 dB yakakwirira SNR yePTH vs microvias | Mamwe ma layers anowedzera kusimba |
Current Density (ANOVA) | 45.99% yekusiyana mukusimba | Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha |
Nhamba Yezvikamu (ANOVA) | 34.20% yekusiyana mukusimba | Chechipiri chinonyanya kukosha chinhu |
Kuongorora hunhu hwemhangura nguva dzose kunobatsira kuti mapuranga ashande zvakanaka. Izvi zvakakosha kana mapuranga achishandiswa munzvimbo dzakaoma.
FAQ
Ndeipi mvumo yemhangura muPCB dhizaini?
Mhangura ndiye conductor. Kubvumirwa kwayo kunoonekwa sekusingaperi. Vagadziri havashandisi nhamba iyi mubasa ravo. Ivo vane hanya zvakanyanya nezvekuti mhangura inoita sei magetsi uye maficha ayo epamusoro.
Sei kushata kwemhangura kuchikosha kune-high-speed PCBs?
Mhangura yakakasharara inoita kuramba uye kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo kukwira nekumhanya kukuru. Smoother mhangura inoita kuti masaini afambe nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinobatsira kuderedza kukanganisa mumaseketi anokurumidza.
Kurapa kwepamusoro kunovandudza sei kushanda kwemhangura?
Kurapa kwepamusoro senge ENIG kana kunyudzwa sirivheri inomisa mhangura kubva kuita ngura. Izvi zvinopedzisa zvinobatsira mhangura kuti igare yakanaka pakutakura magetsi. Vanochengetawo zviratidzo zvakasimba kwenguva yakareba.
Ko ukobvu hwemhangura hunokanganisa kuvimbika kwePCB?
Ehe. Mhangura yakakora inogona kutakura yazvino. Inomirawo zviri nani kupisa uye kunetseka. Izvi zvinoita kuti PCB igare kwenguva refu uye ishande zvirinani.
Mainjiniya vanogona kuyera mvumo yemhangura zvakananga?
Kwete. Mainjiniya haatarise kuti mhangura inobvumirwa here nekuti mhangura inotakura magetsi. Ivo vanoyera iyo dielectric nguva yebhodhi insulator panzvimbo.
