Iwe unogona kuwana akawanda maturusi uye mawebhusaiti anobatsira vagadziri vemagetsi. Zvishandiso izvi zvinovabatsira kushanda zvirinani uye nekukurumidza. Mamwe maturusi ane mukurumbira ndiwo pcb dhizaini zvishandiso, dunhu simulation software, uye otomatiki mapuratifomu. Zvikwata zvemainjiniya zvinoshandisa zvishandiso izvi kugadzira, kuyedza, uye kugovera pcb marongero. Kune zvakare mawebhusaiti ekubatsira kutsvaga zvikamu uye kujoinha mapoka einjiniya. Vagadziri vemagetsi vanoshandisa maturusi aya kuti aenderane nezvido zvavo zvepurojekiti, hunyanzvi, uye miganhu yemari.
PCB Dhizaini
Popular Tools
Kutanga bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, unoda pcb dhizaini software. Mainjiniya vanotora maturusi akasiyana ekugadzira uye kuyedza mapurojekiti ePC. Heano mamwe anozivikanwa pcb dhizaini software sarudzo:
Altium Mugadziri: Software iyi ndeyepamusoro pcb marongerwo dhizaini. Inobatsira nemapurojekiti einjiniya akaomarara uye ine akawanda maficha ehunyanzvi.
Mentor Graphics PADS: Chishandiso ichi chinobatsira nehurongwa hwekubatwa uye pcb marongero. Zvikwata zvakawanda zvinoishandisa nekuti yakavimbika.
Autodesk Gondo: Gondo rinoshanda madiki uye makuru pcb mapurojekiti. Zviri nyore kushandisa kune vese vanotanga uye nyanzvi.
KiCad: Iyi yakavhurika-sosi pcb dhizaini software mahara. Vadzidzi vazhinji uye hobbyists vanoshandisa iyo kudzidza engineering.
Cadence OrCAD: OrCAD ine simulation yakasimba uye maturusi ekugadzira. Unogona kurishandisa nyore kana zvakaoma pcb mapurojekiti.
Zano: Edza siyana pcb dhizaini Software kuwana chii anoshanda kwamuri. Imwe software ine yemahara miedzo kana yakavhurika-sosi shanduro.
Key Features
Mumwe nomumwe pcb magadzirirwo Software ane anokosha zvinhu kukubatsira kushanda nani. Iwe unogona kushandisa zvishandiso zvekutora schematic, kuisa zvikamu, uye nzira. Mazhinji software sarudzo dzinoita kuti utarise dhizaini yako yekukanganisa usati wavaka yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi. Zvimwe zvakakosha ndezvi:
Schematic Capture: Unogona kudhirowa yemagetsi redunhu asati aita pcb.
Auto-Routing: The Software anogona kubatanidza zvikamu pamusoro pcb wako pachako.
3D Visualization: Unogona kuona pcb yako mu 3D kutarisa kuti inotaridzika sei uye inokodzera.
Dhizaini Rule Kutarisa (DRC): The Software anoongorora pcb wako nokuda zvikanganiso uye kunokubatsira kugadzirisa navo.
Library Management: Unogona kushandisa akavakirwa-mukati maraibhurari kuwana zvikamu uye zviratidzo nokuda pcb yako marongerwo.
mamiriro | Nei Zvichikosha Kuinjiniya |
|---|---|
Schematic Capture | Inobatsira kuronga dunhu rako |
Auto-Routing | Inochengetedza nguva pazvigadziro zvakaomarara |
3D Visualization | Inokutendera kuti uone matambudziko nekukurumidza |
Dhizaini Rule Kuongorora | Inoderedza kukanganisa mu pcb yako |
Library Management | Inomhanyisa kusarudzwa kwechikamu |
Shandisa Zviitiko
Unogona kushandisa pcb dhizaini Software akawanda ouinjiniya mabasa. Kana iwe uchida kugadzira yakapusa LED mwenje, unogona kushandisa yemahara software seKiCad. Kune yakaoma marobhoti purojekiti, unogona kusarudza Altium Mugadziri kana OrCAD. Zvikwata zvakawanda zvinoshandisa zvishandiso izvi kugadzira, kuyedza, uye kugovera pcb yavo marongero.
Prototyping: Unogona kukurumidza kugadzira uye kuyedza mazano matsva.
Product Development: Unogona kugadzira akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi ezvinhu zvakaita semafoni kana makomputa.
dzidzo: Unogona kudzidza nezve zvemagetsi uye mainjiniya nekugadzira yako pcb mapurojekiti.
Collaboration: Unogona kugoverana wako pcb mafaira nevamwe mainjiniya uye kushanda pamwe chete.
Unogona kuwana zvose zvokutengeserana uye rakavhurika-tsime pcb dhizaini Software. Commerce software seAltium Designer uye OrCAD ine zvimwe zvinhu uye rutsigiro. Vhura-sosi sarudzo seKiCad rega iwe utange kugadzira mahara. Sarudza software inokodzera chirongwa chako, hunyanzvi hwako, uye bhajeti yako.
Cherechedza: Yakanaka pcb dhizaini software inokubatsira kuti urege kukanganisa uye inochengetedza nguva. Iwe unogona kuita zvirinani nekuyedza zvishandiso zvitsva uye kudzidza kubva kune yega yega purojekiti.
Circuit Simulation
Simulation Software
Unoda maturusi akakosha kuti uedze maseketi ako emagetsi kutanga. Circuit simulation inobatsira mainjiniya kuona kana magadzirirwo avo anoshanda. Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa software yakasiyana Nokuda kweizvi.
ZVINonhuwira: Ichi chishandiso chekare chekuenzanisa. Mamwe mapurogiramu anoshandisa injini yayo zvakare.
ltspice: Iyi yemahara software yakanakira analog redunhu simulation. Inoshanda kune nyore uye yakaoma maseketi.
Multisim: Chirongwa ichi chinokuita kuti ugadzire uye uedze maseketi zviri nyore.
Proteus: Unogona kushandisa Proteus yekufananidza uye PCB dhizaini. Yakanakira microcontroller mapurojekiti.
Pspice: Ichi chishandiso chakasimba chekuenzanisa uye kutarisa maseketi. Zvikwata zvakawanda zvinoishandisa pakuongorora kwakadzama.
Zano: Edza software dzakasiyana kuti uwane zvaunoda. Vamwe vane mavhezheni emahara evadzidzi kana hobbyists.
Basa Guru
Circuit simulation software inoratidza kuti dunhu rako richaita sei. Unogona kushandura nhamba uye kuyedza mazano pasina kuvaka chero chinhu. Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru zvaunogona kuita:
basa | Zvaunogona Kuita |
|---|---|
Schematic Entry | Dhirowa dunhu rako pachiratidziri |
ongororo | Tarisa voltage, ikozvino, uye simba |
Fault Testing | Tsvaga kukanganisa usati wavaka |
Parameter Sweeps | Edza maitiro akasiyana nekukurumidza |
Simulation software inokuchengetedza nguva nemari. Unogona kuwana matambudziko nekukurumidza uye woagadzirisa usati wavaka.
Maitiro echimiro
Circuit simulation inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeinjiniya. Heino mimwe mienzaniso:
dzidzo: Dzidza kuti matunhu anoshanda sei pasina kutenga zvikamu chaizvo.
Product Design: Edza mazano matsva usati wagadzira prototype.
Troubleshooting: Tsvaga uye gadzirisa zvikanganiso mukugadzira kwako.
tsvakurudzo: Edza matunhu epamberi ehunyanzvi hutsva.
Unogona kushandisa dunhu simulation uye verification kutarisa dhizaini yako. Danho iri rakakosha nekuti rinokubatsira kudzivirira zvikanganiso zvinodhura.
Cherechedza: Gara uchimhanyisa simulation usati wavaka dunhu rako. Izvi zvinoita kuti mapurojekiti ako einjiniya ave akachengeteka uye akavimbika.
Electronic Design Automation
EDA Zvishandiso Overview
Yemagetsi dhizaini otomatiki inobatsira mainjiniya kushanda nekukurumidza uye nyore. Inoshandisa zvirongwa zvekombuta kugadzira, kuyedza, uye kuvaka maseketi emagetsi. Aya mapurogiramu anokubatsira iwe kudhirowa masekete uye kuita yekupedzisira pcb. Unogona kushandisa software iyi kumapurojekiti makuru angatora nguva yakareba nemaoko.
Vazhinji mainjiniya vanoshandisa pcb dhizaini software sechikamu chegadziriro iyi. Mamwe maturusi anozivikanwa ndeaya:
Altium Mugadziri
Cadence Allegro
Mentor Graphics Designer
Zvishandiso izvi zvinokubatsira kuti uite yakaoma pcb marongero. Ivo zvakare vanokutendera kuti utarise basa rako uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso usati wavaka. Zvikwata zvizhinji zvinotora pcb dhizaini software inokodzera saizi yavo yeprojekiti uye zvinodiwa.
Tip: Electronic dhizaini otomatiki maturusi kukubatsira kuchengetedza nguva uye kudzivirira zvikanganiso mune yako pcb mapurojekiti.
Workflow Integration
Iwe unogona kubatanidza akasiyana software kuita kuti basa rako rive nyore. Paunoshandisa pcb dhizaini Software, ungada mamwe maturusi simulation, kuedza, uye 3D modeling. Yakanaka yemagetsi dhizaini otomatiki maturusi rega iwe ufambise pcb mafaera pakati pezvirongwa pasina kurasikirwa neruzivo.
Heano maitiro ekubatanidzwa kwebasa muchirongwa chaicho:
Tanga ne schematic kubatwa mune yako pcb dhizaini software.
Mhanyai simulation kutarisa dunhu renyu.
Shandisa auto-routing kubatanidza zvikamu pane pcb yako.
Tumira kunze pcb yako kune 3D yekuenzanisira chishandiso.
Govera pcb yako mafaira nechikwata chako kuti uongororwe.
Step | Tool Muenzaniso | Zvaunoita |
|---|---|---|
Schematic Capture | Altium Mugadziri | Dhirowa dunhu rako |
Simulation | ltspice | Edza dhizaini yako |
Auto-Routing | Cadence Allegro | Batanidza zvikamu pane pcb yako |
3D modelling | Fusion 360 | Tarisa kuti pcb yako inoenderana sei mune imwe kesi |
Collaboration | Altium 365 | Govera uye wongororo pcb mafaira |
Nhanho imwe neimwe inoshandisa chishandiso chakasiyana, asi ese anoshanda pamwechete. Izvi zvinoita kuti maitiro ako einjiniya akurumidze uye akavimbika.
Next-Gen Features
Modern pcb dhizaini Software ane zvinhu zvitsva kukubatsira kushanda nani. Cloud-based platforms seAltium 365 rega iwe uchengetedze pcb mapurojekiti online. Iwe nechikwata chako munogona kushanda pamwe chete kubva kupi zvako. Otomatiki maficha tarisa pcb yako kune zvikanganiso, kurudzira kugadzirisa, uye kukubatsira iwe kuodha zvikamu.
Mamwe anotevera-gen maficha mune zvemagetsi dhizaini otomatiki maturusi ndeaya:
Kushanda pamwe chete neboka rako
Otomatiki kukanganisa kutarisa yako pcb marongerwo
Easy kugovana pcb mafaira uye mhinduro
Nakisa zvinongedzo kune chikamu chekutsvaga mawebhusaiti
Cherechedza: Aya maficha anokubatsira kupedza mapurojekiti nekukurumidza uye kuita zvikanganiso zvishoma.
Yemagetsi dhizaini otomatiki ikozvino yakakosha kune yega engineering timu. Unoshandisa pcb kugadzira Software uye mamwe maturusi nechokwadi pcb wako anoshanda zvakanaka uye akagadzirira kugadzirwa. Kuti uenderane nehunyanzvi hutsva, edza yazvino yemagetsi dhizaini software uye otomatiki maturusi.
Electrical Engineering Software
3D modelling
Electrical engineering software inokubatsira iwe kugadzira 3D modhi yemapurojekiti. Fusion 360 inoita kuti ugadzire zvikamu uye uone kuti zvinokwana sei. SolidWorks Electrical inokubatsira iwe kuvaka 3D modhi yemagetsi masisitimu. FreeCAD chishandiso chemahara chekugadzira 3D dhizaini. Iwe unogona kutarisa mazano ako usati wavaka chero chinhu. Iyi nhanho inokubatsira kuona matambudziko nekukurumidza. Vadzidzi vazhinji vanoshandisa software iyi kudzidza nezve 3D modelling. Iwe unogona kufambisa magadzirirwo ako pakati peakasiyana software. Izvi zvinoita kuti basa rako riende nekukurumidza.
Testing & Validation
Unoda magetsi engineering software yekuyedza maseketi ako. LabVIEW inokubatsira kutarisa kana dhizaini yako inoshanda nemazvo. Matlab uye simulink inokutendera kuti uite bvunzo pamhando dzako. Matlab anokubatsira kuita masvomhu uye kuona zvinoitika. Simulink inokutendera kuti uvake mamodheru uye uaedze. Unogona kushandisa software iyi kuti uwane zvikanganiso usati wavaka. Zvikwata zvakawanda zvinoshandisa matlab uye simulink yekuyedza. Unogona kuchinja nhamba uye kuona kuchinja. Izvi zvinoponesa zvose nguva nemari. Electrical engineering software inobatsira kuchengetedza mapurojekiti ako.
Kubatanidza Zvishandiso
Unogona kubatanidza magetsi engineering software nemamwe maturusi. Matlab uye simulink inoshanda nePCB dhizaini software. Iwe unogona kutamisa mamodheru ako kubva simulink kuenda kune mamwe maturusi. Izvi zvinokubatsira kupedza mapurojekiti nekukurumidza. Electrical engineering software inoita kuti iwe ugovane basa rako nechikwata chako. Unogona kushandisa simulink kuyedza dhizaini yako, wozoitumira kune imwe software kune mamwe macheki. Zvikwata zvakawanda zvinoshandisa iyi software kubatanidza dhizaini, kuyedza, uye modhi. Unogona kushandisa electronic design software ne matlab uye simulink kune zvirinani mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti mapurojekiti ako ave nesimba uye akagadzirira kushandiswa chaiko.
Zano: Edza akasiyana magetsi enjiniya software kuti uone kuti chii chinoshanda zvakanyanya kupurojekiti yako. Iwe unogona kushandisa zvese zviri zviviri zvemahara uye zvakabhadharwa sarudzo.
Component Sourcing
Sourcing Platforms
Paunenge uchigadzira pcb, unofanirwa kuwana zvikamu zvakanaka. Mazhinji mapuratifomu epamhepo anokubatsira nedanho iri. Unogona kushandisa mawebhusaiti seDigi-Key, Mouser, Octopart, uye SnapEDA. Aya mawebhusaiti anokuita kuti utsvage zvikamu zvemagetsi, enzanisa mitengo, uye tarisa kana zvinhu zviri mustock.
Digi-Kiyi inokupa sarudzo yakakura yezvikamu. Unogona kuona datasheets uye kurongeka samples yenyu pcb mapurojekiti.
Mouser inokubatsira kuwana zvikamu zvitsva uye inopa kukurumidza kutumira. Iwe unogona kushandisa mafirita avo kutora chikamu chakanakisa cheinjiniya zvaunoda.
Octopart inoshanda senge injini yekutsvaga yezvikamu. Iwe unonyora mune zvaunoda, uye inokuratidza sarudzo kubva kune vakawanda vatengesi.
SnapEDA inoita kuti iwe utore zviratidzo uye tsoka dzako pcb dhizaini software. Unogona kuchengetedza nguva nekuwedzera mafaera aya zvakananga kupurojekiti yako.
Zano: Gara uchitarisa dheta usati watenga chikamu. Izvi zvinokubatsira kudzivirira kukanganisa mune yako pcb dhizaini.
Raibhurari Zviwanikwa
Unoda zvakanaka raibhurari zviwanikwa kuti pcb wako kushanda. Mazhinji mapuratifomu ekutsvaga anokupa iwe emahara maraibhurari ane zviratidzo uye tsoka. Maraibhurari aya anokubatsira kuti uise zvikamu mune yako pcb marongero pasina kudhirowa iwe pachako.
chikwiriro | Raibhurari Type | Kunokubatsira Kwaunoita |
|---|---|---|
SnapEDA | Zviratidzo, Tsoka | Inomhanyisa pcb dhizaini |
Digi-Kiyi | CAD Models | Inokodzera zvikamu muPCb yako |
Mouser | Reference Designs | Inoratidza mienzaniso inoshanda |
Unogona kushandisa zviwanikwa izvi kuvaka pcb wako nokukurumidza. Zvikwata zvakawanda zveinjiniya zvinoshandisa maraibhurari aya kudzivirira zvikanganiso uye kuchengetedza nguva. Paunoshandisa maraibhurari akavimbika, dhizaini yako yePCB inova yakavimbika.
Cherechedza: Zviwanikwa zveraibhurari zvakanaka zvinoita kuti mapurojekiti ako einjiniya ave nyore. Iwe unogona kutarisa pakuvaka uye kuyedza pane kudhirowa chikamu chimwe nechimwe.
Nharaunda & Kudyidzana kweVagadziri veMagetsi
Online Forums
Kune akawanda epamhepo maforamu emagetsi vagadziri. Vanhu vanoshandisa maforamu aya kugovana mazano nekugadzirisa matambudziko. All About Circuits inzvimbo yaunogona kubvunza mibvunzo. Mainjiniya nevamwe vashandisi vanopindura nekukubatsira. EEVblog ine foramu yakabatikana yekutaura nezve maturusi nemapurojekiti. Iwe unogona zvakare kutaura nezve tekinoroji nyowani ipapo. PaHackaday, unogona kutarisa izvo vamwe vanovaka. Unogonawo kutumira mapurojekiti ako kuti vamwe vaone. Stack Exchange ine chikamu chakakosha chemagetsi. Unogona kuwana rubatsiro nemibvunzo yakaoma ipapo.
Maforamu aya anoita kuti udzidze kubva kuvanhu chaivo. Unogona kubvunza mibvunzo yako wega kana kubatsira mumwe munhu. Vazhinji vagadziri vanoshandisa aya masaiti kuti vaenderane nezvinhu zvitsva. Haufanire kushanda wega. Unogona kujoina boka wowana rubatsiro chero nguva.
Zano: Nguva dzose verenga mitemo kana iwe uchijoinha foramu. Iva neruremekedzo kune vamwe kuitira kuti uwane mhinduro dziri nani uye uite shamwari.
Kudzidza Resources
Iwe unogona kuwana nzira dzakawanda dzekudzidza zvakawanda nezve engineering. Maforamu epamhepo anowanzo ane madhairekitori nemavhidhiyo. Vanewo mazano epurojekiti aunogona kuedza. EEVblog inotumira mavhidhiyo anokudzidzisa mashandisiro ezvishandiso. Aya mavhidhiyo anoratidzawo kugadzirisa matambudziko. Hackaday inogovera nhanho-ne-nhanho inovaka uye inotsanangura kuti zvinhu zvinoshanda sei. Zvese Nezve Circuits zvine zvidzidzo kune vese vanotanga uye nyanzvi.
Iwe unogona kuwana emahara makosi uye zvinyorwa pane aya masaiti zvakare. Vazhinji vagadziri vanoshandisa zviwanikwa izvi kudzidza hunyanzvi hutsva. Paunoudza vamwe zvaunoziva, unobatsira vamwe. Izvi zvinoita kuti nharaunda isimbe. Kushanda nevamwe kunokubatsira kuwana nzira dziri nani dzekugadzirisa matambudziko.
Ongorora: Kugovana uye kushanda pamwechete kunobatsira iwe kukura seinjiniya. Unogona kudzidza nekukurumidza uye kuita zvikanganiso zvishoma.
Kusarudza Zvishandiso Zvakakodzera
Project Inodiwa
Funga nezvezvinoda chirongwa chako usati watanga. Yese purojekiti haina kufanana. Mamwe mapurojekiti anongoda masekete akareruka. Mamwe mapurojekiti anoda mamwe masisitimu akaomarara. Kana uri kuita chirongwa chechikoro, ungangoda zvinokosha magetsi engineering software. Mapurojekiti akakura angangoda maturusi epamberi sematlab. Nyora pasi zvinofanira kuitwa nepurojekiti yako. Ita runyoro rwezvimiro zvaunoda mumidziyo yako yekugadzira. Izvi zvichakubatsira kusarudza yakakodzera magetsi engineering software.
Zano: Zvibvunze kana iwe uchida kuyedza dhizaini yako ne matlab kana kungodhirowa dhizaini iri nyore. Mubvunzo uyu unogona kukubatsira kuchengetedza nguva.
Chiitiko cheZviitiko
Zvakawanda sei zvaunoziva zvine basa kana uchitora magetsi engineering software. Kana iwe uri mutsva, tanga nezvirongwa zviri nyore. Vadzidzi vazhinji vanoshandisa zvishandiso zviri nyore vasati vaedza matlab. Matlab anogona kuita zvakawanda, asi zvingaite sezvakaoma pakutanga. Edza mavhezheni emahara kana editions evadzidzi kuti udzidze. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti udzidzire usingashandisi mari yakawanda. Sezvaunodzidza zvakawanda, unogona kushandisa mamwe maficha mu matlab uye mamwe magetsi engineering software.
Chiitiko cheZviitiko | Yakakurudzirwa Software |
|---|---|
Kutanga | Rakareruka magetsi engineering software |
zvenguva | Matlab (shanduro yevadzidzi) |
enderera | Yakazara matlab, yepamusoro yemagetsi engineering software |
Budget Factors
Unofanira kufunga kuti une mari yakawanda sei. Imwe magetsi engineering software inodhura zvakanyanya. Matlab yakasimba, asi inogona kudhura. Zvikoro zvakawanda zvinokutendera kushandisa matlab mahara. Iwe unogona zvakare kuwana yemahara kana yakavhurika-sosi yemagetsi engineering software. Sarudzo idzi dzinokubatsira kuchengetedza mari. Gara uchienzanisa mitengo uye maficha usati watenga chero chinhu. Edza zvese zvekutengesa uye zvakavhurika-sosi maturusi kuti uone zvinokuitira zvakakunakira.
Ona kana chikoro chako chinokupa matlab.
Tsvaga yemahara miedzo yemagetsi engineering software.
Shandisa zvakavhurika-sosi maturusi kana bhajeti yako iri diki.
Cherechedza: Haufanire kushandisa mari yakawanda kuti uwane mibairo yakanaka. Mazhinji mapurojekiti makuru anoshandisa emahara magetsi engineering software.
Iwe unoshandisa maturusi aya uye mawebhusaiti kuita kuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvive nani uye nekukurumidza. Vanokubatsira kudzidza, kuedza, uye kugovera basa rako.
Edza maturusi akasiyana kuti uone zvinoenderana nezvido zvako.
Joinha nharaunda dzepamhepo kuti uwane rubatsiro uye mazano matsva.
Ramba uchida kuziva! Zvishandiso zvitsva nezviwanikwa zvinoonekwa kazhinji. Paunoramba uchidzidza, unova mugadziri ari nani.
FAQ
Ndeipi yakanakisa yemahara PCB dhizaini software yevanotanga?
Unogona kutanga neKiCad. Iyo yakavhurika-sosi uye yemahara. Vadzidzi vazhinji uye vanoita zvekutamba vanoishandisa kudzidza PCB dhizaini. Iwe unowana zvakakosha maficha uye inobatsira online nharaunda.
Unosarudza sei chishandiso chakakodzera chekutevedzera?
Funga nezvehukuru hwepurojekiti yako uye mhando. Kune masekete akareruka, LTspice inoshanda nemazvo. Kune zvinodiwa zvepamberi, edza Multisim kana PSpice. Gara uchitarisa kana chishandiso chinotsigira zvikamu zvako.
Ungawana kupi maraibhurari ezvikamu zvemagetsi akavimbika?
SnapEDA, Digi-Key, uye Mouser inopa emahara maraibhurari. Unogona kudhawunirodha zviratidzo uye tsoka dzePCB software yako. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinokubatsira kuchengetedza nguva uye kudzivirira kukanganisa.
Unogona kushandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana pamwechete muprojekiti imwe?
Ehe! Zvishandiso zvakawanda zvinokutendera kuti utumire kunze uye kutumira mafaera. Semuenzaniso, unogona kugadzira muAltium Dhizaini uye kuyedza muLTspice. Izvi zvinokubatsira kushanda nekukurumidza uye kutarisa magadzirirwo ako.
Nei uchifanira kujoinha nharaunda dzemagetsi epamhepo?
Unodzidza kubva kune vamwe uye kuwana rubatsiro pamatambudziko. Maforamu akaita seAll About Circuits uye EEVblog inopa zano, mazano epurojekiti, uye rutsigiro. Iwe unogonawo kugovera mapurojekiti ako uye mazano.
