Masimbo edunhu anowanzo shandiswa mumagetsi nemagetsi edunhu Schematics, inoratidza kuti dunhu rakabatana sei. Circuit zviratidzo zvinhu zvakakosha pakuvaka nekugadzira chero magetsi kana emagetsi dunhu. Chiratidziro chemifananidzo yezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemagetsi mumagetsi emagetsi kana dhayagiramu inonzi chiratidzo chemagetsi. A redunhu dhayagiramu rine akawanda redunhu zviratidzo akafanana resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes, mabhatiri, switches etc. Chiratidzo chedunhu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu uye kukosha kwayo. 

Ichi chinyorwa chichakubatsira iwe kuverenga, kudzidza, uye kunzwisisa anonyanya kushandiswa edunhu zviratidzo zvekuongorora uye kugadzira edunhu schematics.

2. Common Electrical Symbols mu Schematics

i. Magetsi Power Source Circuit Symbols

Battery:

Bhatiri chinhu chemagetsi chinopa mutsauko usingaperi wemagetsi (fixed voltage) pamaterminal ayo. Bhatiri rine electrochemical cell(s) inogona kushandura simba remakemikari kuita simba remagetsi zviri nyore. Icho chikamu chepakati chedunhu. Kune zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvebhatiri, uye aya ndiwo electrolyte, cathode, uye anode.

DC Voltage Source

Mune chero magetsi emagetsi system, kune mapoka maviri emagetsi masosi, kureva, DC uye AC voltage sources. DC Voltage zvinoreva Direct Current Voltage. Inoreva kune voltage sosi ine inogara polarity inopa DC ikozvino (DC). Kazhinji, DC voltage sosi kana simba rinopihwa nemabhatiri. Asi dzimwe nguva unogona kushandisa masero emafuta uye masero ezuva kune chinangwa chimwe chete.

AC Voltage Source

AC voltage source inoreva kune inochinjana ikozvino voltage sosi. AC voltage magnitude inochinja, uye simba harigare rakagara rakagara. Kuchinja kwemagetsi kana magetsi kunokonzerwa nemidziyo yemagetsi yakabatana ne AC voltage source. Chiratidzo chedunhu cheiyo AC voltage sosi mune yedunhu schematic ndeiyi inotevera.

Ground:

Kudzika mumaseketi emagetsi kunodzivirira midziyo yako yemagetsi uye maseketi kubva kune chero mapfupi maseketi, kukanganisa, kana kuwandisa kwemagetsi. Kugadzika muzvirongwa zvemagetsi kunopa nzira yakaderera-inodzivirirwa kuti mafungu emhepo anokanganisa kuti ayerere akananga pasi inochengetedza hurongwa hwemagetsi ako kana midziyo. Pasina pasi, dunhu remagetsi kana hurongwa huchakuvadzwa. Chiratidzo chemagetsi chepasi chinopiwa sezvinotevera.

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ii. Passive Electrical Symbols

Mudzivisi:

A resistor chinhu chinongoitwa chiri mudunhu remagetsi chinogadzirisa mafambiro emagetsi mune chero magetsi kana emagetsi dunhu. A resistor anopedza simba. Ndosaka ichinzi passive magetsi chikamu. Chiratidzo chedunhu chinonyanyozivikanwa cheanopikisa mutsara we zigzag sezvinotevera.

 Capacitors:

Macapacitor zvinhu zvemagetsi zvisingaite izvo zvinosanganisira mahwendefa maviri kana anopfuura ekuitisa zvinhu akaparadzaniswa nedielectric material (an insulator). Chinangwa che capacitor mumagetsi schematics ndechekuchengetedza simba nenzira yemagetsi emagetsi anobudisa mutsauko unogona kuitika pamahwendefa ayo. Capacitors anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukudhindwa redunhu bhodhi kugadzira uye kusangana. Capacitance of a capacitor inotaridzwa naL. Chiratidzo chedunhu chinonyanya kushandiswa ku capacitor ndicho.

Inductors:

An inductor inhengo yemagetsi maviri-terminal passive inopesana nekushanduka kamwe kamwe kwezvino. Anozivikanwa zvakare semakachi kana makoiri. Inductor inochengeta simba muchimiro chenzvimbo yemagetsi. Surface Mount inductors (SM) akaiswa pamusoro peakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi pamapadhi, nepo kuburikidza negomba (TH) inductors anoiswa paPCB kumusoro nemitoo inodyiswa kuburikidza nemaburi mubhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa. Mucherechedzo wekutanga wedunhu reinductor unoratidzwa sezvizvi.

iii. Shanduko, Relays & Transformer

Switchches:

Muchirongwa chemagetsi, shanduko inhengo inovhura kana kuvhara dunhu. Kuvhura dunhu kunoreva kudzima dunhu kubva kune simba system, nepo kuvhara dunhu kunoreva kuita kuyerera kwezvino uye kubatanidza dunhu kune magetsi. Kune marudzi akawanda ekuchinja, akadai seSingle Pole Single Throw (SPST), Single Pole Double Throw, Double Pole Single Throw (DPST), uye Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT).

Relays uye Transformers Circuit Symbol:

Mumagetsi emagetsi sisitimu, transformer chinhu chisingaiti chinofambisa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nemagetsi induction. Basa rakakosha retransformer kukwira kana kudzika pasi voltage. A transformer inogona kunge iri single-phase kana three-phase. Inomiririrwa mumagetsi edunhu kana simba system se:

Relays mumaseketi emagetsi machinja anovhura kana kuvhara masekete nemagetsi kana nemagetsi. A relay inoshanda otomatiki kana yagamuchira masaini kubva kunze kwekunze. Relays anowanzo shandiswa mumaindasitiri otomatiki masisitimu, midziyo yemumba, HVAC masisitimu, nezvimwe.

3. Common Electronic Circuit Symbols  

i. Diodes uye Transistors (Active Electronic Symbols)

Diode, Zener Diode, LED:

A diode iri maviri-terminal semiconductor yemagetsi mudziyo unoshanda seimwe-nzira switch yezvino. Iyo inowanzo umbwa nesilicon uye inobvumira ikozvino mune imwe nzira. Kana diode ikashandiswa seyakagadziridza, inobva yashandura AC voltage kuDC. Chiratidzo chedunhu chakajairika chinoshandiswa kune diode ndeichi:

A Zener diode imhando yemhando ye diode inobvumira ikozvino mureverse direction kana imwe voltage (threshold voltage) yadarika. Maitiro ekudzoreredza conduction yeazvino yeZener diode inonzi iyo Zener athari. Iyo inomiririra yechiratidzo chedunhu reZener diode ndeiyi:

A light-emitting diode (LED) iri zvakare semiconductor mudziyo unoburitsa mwenje kana ikozvino ichipfuura nepairi. Iyi nzira ye LED inonzi electroluminescence. Ivo vanoshandiswa mune yakakura application.

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a semiconductor, solid-state, ikozvino-inodzorwa mudziyo. Iyo ine maviri PN junctions anobatanidza matatu materminal anonzi Emitter, Base, uye Collector terminals. Kurongeka kwezvikamu zvitatu izvi kunosiyanisa marudzi maviri makuru eBJT, kureva, NPN nePNP.

The NPN transistor inoumbwa nen-type semiconductors yakaparadzaniswa nekatetepa kep-mhando.

apo PNP transistors ine maviri p-mhando semiconductors akapatsanurwa netete n-mhando.

MOSFET:

Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) ibasa remumunda transistor ine MOS chimiro. Icho chinhu chine-matatu-terminal chine Gedhi (G), Source (S), uye Drain (D) zviteshi. MOSFET inonyanya kushandiswa sechinjo, voltage-inodzorwa ikozvino mudziyo, kana seamplifier. Kune marudzi maviri makuru eMOSFET, kureva, N-Channel uye P-Channel.

ii. Integrated Circuits uye Microcontrollers

Kushanda Amplifier (Op-Amp):

Inoshanda amplifier idunhu rakasanganiswa rinogona kukwidziridza masaini asina simba kana mutsauko wevoltage pakati pemapupu maviri. Op Amp inokudza ese maDC uye AC masiginecha.

Logic Gates:

Gedhi rine musoro rinoshandiswa kuita mashandiro ane musoro nekupa mapindiro kwariri uye kupa chinobuda se 0 kana 1 zvichienderana nerudzi rwegedhi uye mapindiro akapihwa. Kushanda kwemagedhi elogic kunobva pasvomhu kana Boolean algebra. Mamwe makuru eiyo logic gedhi redunhu zviratidzo ndeaya anotevera.

Microcontrollers:

A microcontroller is one unit integrated circuit (IC) ine zvimiro zvepakati processing unit iyo inotangira pa4-bit kusvika 32 kana 64-bit processors. Microcontrollers anoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ekudzora masisitimu, zvemagetsi, IoT zvishandiso, nezvimwe.

4. Maverengero uye Kunzwisisa Circuit Symbols & Circuit Schematics

Kunzwisisa zviratidzo zvedunhu zvakakosha kumiririra magetsi uye emagetsi schematics. Zviratidzo izvi zvinobatsira mainjiniya emagetsi, vagadziri vePCB, vagadziri vemidziyo yemagetsi, uye matekiniki kuongorora nekugadzira maseketi zviri nyore. Iwe unogona kunzwisisa zviratidzo zvedunhu uye madhayagiramu sezvinotevera:

1. Ziva sosi yemagetsi inogona kunge iri AC kana DC.
2. Ziva kuyerera kwezvino, kureva, iyo yakanaka uye yakaipa terminals yedunhu.
3. Tsvaga zvakakosha zvedunhu zvikamu, kureva, resistors, capacitors, uye inductors.
4. Nzwisisa mubatanidzwa wedunhu, ungave wakateedzana kana wakafanana.
5. Tarisa uone kukosha kwechikamu, semuenzaniso, 10kΩ resistor, 100µF capacitor, 50µH, nezvimwe.
6. Ziva masaini ekudzora, nzira dzemhinduro kana kuyerera kwedata mudhiyagiramu yedunhu.

6. Mashandisiro Akaitwa Zviratidzo Zvedunhu mumaProjekti Chaiye

Iwe unogona kushandisa zviratidzo zvedunhu mune yako chaiyo purojekiti nekutsanangura redunhu schematic uye kuona edunhu zvikamu. Zvadaro unganidza zvikamu zvedunhu zvichienderana nemaitiro avo uye maitiro. Vaka, ongorora, uye edza dunhu rako remagetsi kana remagetsi pabhodhi rekudya uchishandisa waya yedunhu.

Kana yasimbiswa, shandisa PCB dhizaini software kushandura dunhu rako kuita rakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi marongero, kuve nechokwadi chenzira chaiyo uye yekuiswa kwechikamu. Kune yako nyanzvi PCB chirongwa, Wonderful PCB inogona kukubatsira kushandura schematics yako kuita yemhando yepamusoro yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi.

mhedziso

Circuit zviratidzo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa, kugadzira, uye kugadzirisa dunhu schematics. Zviratidzo zvedunhu mumatunhu masisitimu anobatsira mainjiniya emagetsi, PCB vagadziri, uye vagadziri vemagetsi kuti vaongorore maitiro edunhu nekugadzira magetsi emagetsi system kana mudziyo wemagetsi. Nekunzwisisa zviratidzo zvedunhu, unogona kunyatsoshanda uye kubata ako emagetsi nemagetsi masisitimu. Wonderful PCB icharatidza iyo chaiyo yedunhu zviratidzo zvemagetsi purojekiti yako uye yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi dhizaini.