Kutendeseka kwechiratidzo kwakakosha zvakanyanya mukukurumidza PCB dhizaini dhizaini. Pasina iyo, zviratidzo zvinogona kupera simba, zvichikonzera kukanganisa uye kuita kwakaipa. Matambudziko senge electromagnetic interference (EMI), impedance mismatches, uye kunonoka kunogona kuitika. Semuyenzaniso:
Miedzo inoratidza kuti kurembera maVIAs anogona kuita sediki capacitor kana antennas, zvichiita kuti EMI iwedzere.
Mateki asina kutenderedzwa negirazi fiber weave anogona kushandura impedance uye kukanganisa masaini.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, unogona kuvandudza dhizaini yekutevera muPCB yako dhizaini dhizaini, tora zvirinani zvinhu, uye kudzora EMI zvakanaka.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
Simba rechiratidzo rakakosha zvikuru yekukurumidza PCBs. Inochengeta zviratidzo zvakajeka uye inodzivirira kukanganisa kana matambudziko.
Sarudza zvinhu zvine yakaderera dielectric kugara uye kurasikirwa tangent. Izvi zvinobatsira masaini kuti arambe akasimba uye anovandudza mashandiro.
Ita kuti mitsva ipfupi uye udzivise kukona kwakapinza paunenge uchifamba. Izvi zvinoderedza kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo uye kuderedza kupindira (EMI).
Shandisa mapeya akasiyana kuchengetedza masaini uye kuderedza ruzha. Kufananidza kureba kwekutsvaga uye kuparadzaniswa kunobatsira masaini kuti agare akajeka.
Wedzera shielding uye grounding kuderedza EMI. Ndege dzepasi uye zvivharo zvesimbi zvinodzivirira zvikamu uye zvinovandudza kunaka kwechiratidzo.
Kunzwisisa Chiratidzo Kutendeseka muYakakwira-Speed PCB Dhizaini
Chii chinonzi Signal Integrity?
Chiratidzo chekuvimbika zvinoreva kuchengetedza chiratidzo chakasimba uye chakajeka sezvainofamba nePCB inokurumidza. Pakumhanya kusvika ku4 GHz, zvinongedzo zvinoita semitsara yekutumira. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko akaita seruzha, kunonoka, uye shanduko yemasaini. Kutendeseka kwechiratidzo kwakakosha kuchengetedza zviratidzo zvakachena uye nenguva yekuita zvakanaka.
Kuti uchengetedze masaini akasimba, unofanirwa kugadzirisa nyaya senge maratidziro, crosstalk, uye EMI. Kuedza uye kuenzanisa kunobatsira kuwana nekugadzirisa matambudziko aya. Zviyero zvakaita seIEEE 802.3ap inoisa mitemo yekuita chokwadi chepamusoro-kumhanya maPCB anoshanda nenzira imwechete.
Kuonekwa | Zvazvinoreva |
|---|---|
Sei Kutevedzera Kunokosha | Vanobatsira kugadzira mitemo yezvibatanidza zvinokurumidza. |
Signal Kuperera Matambudziko | Nyaya dzinosanganisira kuratidzira, crosstalk, uye kushaya simba kwechiratidzo. |
Kuita Mitemo | Mapoka akaita sePIMGG uye OBSAI anogadzira zviratidzo zvekuvimbika. |
IEEE Mitemo | Isa miganhu yekuti machanera anofanira kuita sei. |
Matambudziko muHigh-Speed PCB Layouts
Fast PCB masisitimu ane akawanda matambudziko anokuvadza chiratidzo chemhando:
Crosstalk inoitika kana masiginecha ari munzira dziri pedyo akanganisa.
Impedance mismatches inokonzera zviratidzo kubounce back, kugadzira zvikanganiso.
Kushata nzira pamusoro pendege dzakapatsanuka kunoita ruzha uye EMI iwedzere.
Soldering zvikanganiso, senge mapundu mukubatanidza, anonetesa masaini.
Aya matambudziko anogona kuita kuti PCB yako ishande zvisina kunaka. Semuyenzaniso, kutsemuka mu vias diki kana shanduko yezvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa masaini. Kuti ugadzirise izvi, shandisa nzira dzakaita sechiratidzo chekusiyanisa, kumisa kwakaringana, uye kucherechedzwa kwevarindi.
Zvakaipa Sei Chiratidzo Kuvimbika Kunokanganisa Kuita
Kutendeseka kwakashata kwechiratidzo kunogona kuita kuti PCB yako ishande zvakashata. Zviratidzo zvinogona kurasikirwa nechimiro chazvo, zvichiita kuti zvishandiso zviverenge zvisizvo. Impedance mismatches uye yakakwirira-frequency inoderedza simba rechiratidzo chepasi, zvichikonzera kumhanya kunononoka uye kukanganisa.
Ruzha rwekuwedzera, senge jitter kana shanduko yemagetsi, inoshatisa nguva yechiratidzo. Ground bounce inogona kuchinja voltage level, zvichikonzera kukanganisa. Crosstalk inowedzera zviratidzo zvisingadiwe kunzira dziri pedyo, zvichiita kuti data isanyanya kurongeka.
Kuti umise matambudziko aya, shandisa yakatsiga yereferensi ndege yekukurumidza masaini. Izvi zvinoderedza ruzha uye EMI, kuchengetedza masaini akajeka. Kugadzirisa nyaya idzi kunoita kuti PCB yako ive yakavimbika uye iite zvirinani.
Mazano Akakosha ePamusoro-Kumhanya PCB Magadzirirwo Dhizaini
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zveChiratidzo cheKutendeseka
Kutora zvinhu zvakakodzera ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakuchengetedza masaini akasimba. Zvinhu zvaunoshandisa zvinokanganisa mafambiro anoita masaini kuburikidza nePCB. Zvishandiso zvine low dielectric constant (Dk) uye kurasikirwa tangent (Df) masaini anobatsira kugara akajeka uye akasimba.
pfuma | Nyaya |
|---|---|
Dielectric Constant (Dk) | Sarudza zvinhu zvine yakaderera Df (<0.005) yeRF uye microwave kushandiswa. |
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) | Shandisa laminates ine yakaderera CTE (10 kusvika 20 ppm/°C) kuitira kugadzikana kuri nani. |
Substrate Ukobvu | Sarudza ma substrates matete (10 kusvika 20 mil) ye mafambiro akakwirira pamusoro pe10 GHz. |
Kurasikirwa Tangent | Sarudza zvinhu zvine yakaderera kurasikirwa tangents (0.0022 kusvika 0.0095) kuderedza chiratidzo kurasikirwa. |
Kunyorova Kusviba | Sarudza zvinhu zvine hunyoro hwemvura yakaderera (<0.1%) kuti uite zvirinani. |
Tarisa data yezvinhu zvakanyatsonaka. Miedzo inoratidza kuti ichokwadi Df kukosha kunogona kusiyana kubva kune izvo vatengesi vanonyora. Kunyangwe mutsauko mudiki, senge 0.004 mukati Df, inogona kuwedzera kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo. Kuedza zvinhu usati wagadzira PCB yako kunobatsira kudzivirira matambudziko aya.
Trace Dhizaini uye Routing Maitiro Akanakisa
Yakanaka trace dhizaini uye nzira yakakosha kune inokurumidza PCBs. Mapfupi anoteedzera anochengeta masaini akasimba uye anoderedza zvisingadiwe mhedzisiro. Inodzorwa impedance inoita kuti shuwa maronda aenderane nezvikamu zvakabatana, zvichichengeta masaini akajeka.
Maitiro Akanyanya | Tsanangudzo |
|---|---|
Chengeta mitsva ipfupi | Tsanangudzo pfupi dzinodzikisa mukana wekurasikirwa kwechiratidzo uye zvisingadiwe mhedzisiro. |
Shandisa controlled impedance | Machesi anoteedzera impedance kuderedza zviratidzo zvechiratidzo uye kuchengetedza masaini akajeka. |
Nzira nokungwarira | Dzivisa makona akapinza uye kumisa vias kudzikisa kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo uye crosstalk. |
Dzivisa makona akapinza paunenge uchifambisa zvikwambo. Makona akapinza anogona kukonzera chiratidzo chekuratidzira uye nezvimwe Ichimura. Shandisa macurves akatsetseka kana 45-degree angles panzvimbo. Limit vias nekuti vanowedzera zvisingadiwe mhedzisiro inonetesa masaini. Zvishandiso zvakaita seAltium Dhizaini uye Cadence zvinogona kukubatsira kuvandudza yako PCB nzira.
Kushandisa iyo 20-H Rule Kuderedza EMI
Mutemo we20-H unobatsira kuderedza Ichimura mukukurumidza PCB marongero. Zvinoreva kudzikisa simba rendege neka20 kureba kwedandemutande pakati pesimba nendege dzepasi. Izvi zvinoderedza kuburitswa kweRF pane yakaderera frequencies.
Yokudzidza | Zviwanikwa |
|---|---|
Clemson University Kudzidza | Kutevera mutemo we20-H cheka kuburitswa kweRF pasi pe300 MHz ne ~ 5 dBμV/m. |
Yunivhesiti Test Boards | Miedzo yakaratidza mutemo we20-H wakakonzera kuipa Ichimura kupfuura simba remagetsi uye ndege dzepasi. |
Iyo 20-H mutemo unoshanda zvirinani kune yakaderera frequencies. Pamafaro epamusoro, anogona kugadzira Ichimura worse. Kune maPCB anokurumidza, tarisa kana mutemo we20-H unoenderana nezvido zvako. Dzimwe nguva, kuchengetedza simba uye ndege dzepasi dzichibhururuka kunoshanda zvirinani.
Tip: Edza yako PCB dhizaini mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo kuti uwane nzira yakanakisisa yekuderedza Ichimura.
Component-Level Dhizaini Kufunga
Kugadzirisa Kusefa Capacitance
Kusefa capacitor kwakakosha pakuchengetedza masaini akajeka muPCB dzinokurumidza. Sarudza ma capacitor anoenderana nema frequency anodiwa padhizaini yako. Vanobatsira kubvisa ruzha uye kuchengetedza voltage kuti iite zvirinani.
Kuvandudza kusefa, tarisa kuti unoshandisa kupi uye sei ma capacitors. Zviise pedyo nemapini emagetsi kuderedza zvisingadiwe. Shandisa ese madiki uye makuru capacitor kubata akasiyana ma frequency. Semuyenzaniso, kushandisa 0.1 µF uye 10 µF capacitor pamwe chete kunogona kuvharidzira ruzha-ruzha uye yakatsiga yakadzika ma frequency.
Madhizaini anokurumidza anowanzo shandisa mainterface senge USB, DDR, PCIe, uye Ethernet. Izvi zvinoda chaiyo impedance control kutumira data nemazvo. Bata zvikamu zvekugumisa zvakanyatsonaka uye isa mitemo yezvikwangwani zvekumhanya. Kufambisa neinodzorwa impedance inochengeta masaini akajeka uye akasimba.
Iyo Signal Integrity chishandiso inowana mambure ane zvinobvira matambudziko ekufungidzira. Iyo inoyera waveforms zvakananga, ichikubatsira iwe kuvandudza dhizaini yako kune zvirinani mhedzisiro.
Iko hakuna mitemo yakagadziriswa yekukurumidza PCB dhizaini, asi maitiro akanaka anobatsira zvakanyanya. Maturusi ekuyedza uye ekufananidza anogona kutarisa yako capacitor sarudzo uye kugadzirisa kujeka kwechiratidzo.
Basa reSilicon Packaging muYakakwira-Speed PCB Dhizaini
Silicon kurongedza inokanganisa chiratidzo chemhando mukukurumidza PCB dhizaini. Iyo pasuru yemagetsi network inoita senge musanganiswa wemacapacitor uye inductors. Izvi zvinoshandura mabatiro azvinoita kukurumidza magetsi pulses, zvichikanganisa kuita kwePCB.
On-chip simba impedance ndiyo kiyi yesimba uye chiratidzo chemhando. Inobatanidza zvakanyanya kune kujekesa kwechiratidzo, kunyanya pamafafitera epamusoro. Sezvo machipisi anoshanda paGHz kumhanya, iyo simba network's impedance inoshanduka. Izvi zvinoshandura kunaka kwechiratidzo uye kuita kwese.
Tsanangudzo Yeuchapupu | Kukanganisa paChiratidzo Kutendeseka |
|---|---|
Package simba network inoita senge capacitors uye inductors | Inochinja mabatirwo anoitwa mapurusi, zvichikanganisa kuita kwePCB |
On-chip simba impedance inokanganisa kunaka kwesimba | Yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekujekesa kwechiratidzo mumagadzirirwo epamusoro-frequency |
Impedance inoshanduka neGHz-kumhanya maseketi | Inoshandura kunaka kwechiratidzo uye zvinokanganisa kuita |
Kuti uvandudze kurongedza kwesilicon, dzidza maitiro ayo emagetsi uye kuti anoshanda sei nePCB. Shandisa maturusi ekufananidza kutarisa impedance uye kuwana matambudziko. Kugadzirisa nyaya idzi kunonatsiridza mhando yechiratidzo uye kunoita kuti PCB yako ishande zvirinani mumagadzirirwo anokurumidza.
Kugadzirisa EMI uye Common-Mode Currents
Kunzwisisa Differential-Mode vs. Common-Mode Currents
Mukukurumidza PCB dhizaini, musiyano-modhi uye yakajairika-modhi mafungu anoita zvakasiyana. Differential-mode currents inotakura data pakati pechiratidzo nekudzoka nzira. Common-mode currents inoitika nekuda kwekusaenzana kwedunhu uye kuyerera munzira dzisingadiwe. Izvi zvinowanzokonzera Ichimura.
Nzira dzisina kuenzana dzechiratidzo dzinogona kuwedzera zvakajairika-modhi ruzha uye Ichimura. Semuyenzaniso:
Kusaenzana nzvimbo pakati pepasi uye chiratidzo vias zvinokonzeresa kutendeuka kwemodhi.
Zvisina kufananidzwa zvakasiyana pairi zvinogona kugadzira kusvika -40 dB yeruzha.
Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuchengetedza symmetry mumasaini kwakadzikira Ichimura ne80db.
Vaviri vakasiyana vanobatsira kuderedza Ichimura uye block noise. Vanoenzanisa zvikwangwani, zvinova zvakakosha pakugadzira nekukurumidza. Tarisa pane symmetrical marongero uye nzira dzakanaka dzekudzoka kuti udzore common-mode currents.
Matekiniki ekudzikisa Yakajairwa-Modhi Yazvino Radiation
Kudzikisa zvakajairika-modhi ikozvino mwaranzi inochengeta masaini akasimba mukukurumidza PCBs. Edza nzira idzi:
Kuvandudza Differential Pair Routing: Batanidza kureba kwekutsvaga uye ramba uchipatsanurana.
Isa Ground Vias Well: Isai pasi vias pedyo nechiratidzo vias kumisa mode kutendeuka.
Shandisa Kugumisa Kwakakodzera: Match impedance kumagumo kudzivirira kutarisisa.
Miedzo inoratidza kutsaura yakajairika-modhi mafungu kwakakosha. Vachishandisa maprobes, vaongorori vakayera mafambiro aya nekuisa waya mukati memuongorori. Izvi zvakabatsira kudzidza Ichimura uye yakaenzana FDTD modhi.
Measurement Technique | Zvazvinoita | Results |
|---|---|---|
Common-modhi ikozvino kuyerwa | Inoshandisa probe kuyera pedyo-munda mafungu. | Ichimura mibairo inoenderana nemhando dzeFDTD. |
Differential-modhi ikozvino kuyerwa | Inoyera huwandu hwemagetsi mumaseti akasiyana. | Mhedzisiro inoratidzwa mune hukama dBµV kukosha. |
FCC inodzika mitemo yakajairika-modhi ikozvino yeClass A uye B zvigadzirwa. Pa30 MHz, Zvigadzirwa zveKirasi A zvinofanirwa kugara pasi pe24 µA, uye Kirasi B pasi pe8 µA.
Kutevera iyi mitemo uye nekuvandudza PCB yako dhizaini inogona kucheka yakajairika-modhi radiation uye kuwedzera mashandiro.
Kudzivirira uye Kudzika Matanho eEMI Kuderedza
Kudzivirira uye kuisa pasi inzira huru dzekudzikisa Ichimura mumaPCB anokurumidza. Grounding inopa mafungu asingadiwi nzira yakaderera-inodzivirira. Kudzivirira kunovharira minda yemagetsi kubva pakupinda kana kubuda muPCB.
Kudzivirira zvinobudirira:
Shandisa zvivharo zvesimbi kana maconductive coatings pazvikamu zvakaomarara.
Wedzera ndege dzepasi pasi pemitsara yechiratidzo inokurumidza kutora Ichimura.
Ita shuwa kuti kubatanidza kwepasi kunoramba kuchienderera mberi kudzivirira mapundu anoita sema antenna.
Kudzika kwakanaka kunogadzira nzira dzakasimba dzekudzoka kune akasiyana-modhi mafungu. Kusaenzana kwepasi vias kunogona kukonzera kutendeuka kwemodhi uye kusimudza Ichimura. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza symmetrical marongero anogona kucheka Ichimura ne60db.
Kune maPCB anokurumidza, batanidza kudzivirira uye kuisa pasi kuti uderedze Ichimura. Idzi nzira dzinovandudza kunaka kwechiratidzo uye dzinosangana nemitemo yemitemo.
Mazano epamberi ePamusoro-Speed PCB Layout Dhizaini
Kushandisa Reference Planes uye Controlled Impedance Traces
Kuti uchengetedze zviratidzo zvakajeka mumagadzirirwo anokurumidza, shandisa ndege dzekutarisa. Inodzorwa impedance traces yakakoshawo. Kana impedance ichichinja, masaini anogona kudzoka kumashure. Izvi zvinoderedza data uye zvinokonzera kukanganisa. Ndege dzepasi uye dzemagetsi dzinobatsira masaini kudzoka zvakanaka uye nekudzika Ichimura.
Paunenge uchifamba, chengetedza mapfupi uye dzivirira makona akapinza. Kutendeuka kwakapinza kunogona kukanganisa masaini uye kuwedzera Ichimura. Shandisa macurves akatsetseka kana 45-degree angles panzvimbo. Yakanaka yekutevera nzira uye yakasimba mareferenzi ndege dzinoita kuti masaini achenese uye anovandudza mashandiro.
Tip: Shandisa maturusi ekufananidza kutarisa impedance uye kuwana dambudziko nzvimbo.
Kuderedza Vias uye Kupfupisa Trace Lengths
Shorter traces uye mashoma vias zviri nani kumhanyisa PCBs. Mapfupi anoteedzera kunonoka kwechiratidzo kunonoka uye kumisa impedance mismatches. Chengetedza kureba pasi pe2 inches kuti uwane mibairo yakanaka. Izvi zvinochengeta zviratidzo zvakasimba uye zvakavimbika.
Tsanangudzo Yeuchapupu | Kiyi Insight |
|---|---|
Mapfupi maronda ari nani. | Vanodzikisa kunonoka kwechiratidzo uye kusawirirana kwe impedance. |
Maronda ari pasi pe 2 inches anoshanda zvakanyanya. | Tsanangudzo pfupi dzinoderedza kunonoka uye kusawirirana matambudziko. |
Isa vias pedyo pamwe chete. | Grouped vias inovandudza conductivity uye yakaderera resistive kurasikirwa. |
Isa vias padhuze kune imwe neimwe kuti uvandudze kuyerera kwechiratidzo. Izvi zvinoderedza kuramba uye zvinowedzera kushanda. Usashandise vias akawanda, sezvo anogona kukonzera zvisingadiwi mhedzisiro.
Kumhanya Yepamusoro-Frequency Signals paInner Layers
Isa masaini epamusoro-soro pazvikamu zvemukati kuti zvive nani. Matunhu emukati anoita kuti nzira dzechiratidzo dziite pfupi. Izvi zvinodzikisira kunonoka uye zvinomisa chiratidzo kubhanhira. Diki vias zvakare kuderedza matambudziko akaita stubs uye mismatched impedance.
Simba uye ndege dzepasi pazvikamu zvemukati zvinobatsira zvakanyanya. Vanocheka ruzha uye crosstalk, vachipa masaini nzira yakatsetseka. Ndege idzi dzinovharawo Ichimura nekudzikisa kubounce pasi uye ruzha rwesimba.
Cherechedza: PCB layer setup inokanganisa impedance. Zvinhu zvakaita sehupamhi hwekutsvagira, rudzi rwezvinhu, uye chinhambwe chendege zvine basa rakawanda.
Gadzira yako PCB maseru nemazvo. Izvi zvinovandudza simba rechiratidzo uye zvinoita kuti zvigadziriso zvinokurumidza zvishande zvirinani.
Kuita masaini zvirinani mukukurumidza PCB marongero, ronga nemazvo. Unogona kuvandudza nekufambisa zviteshi zvakanaka, uchishandisa zvinhu zvakanaka, uye kudzora EMI. Semuenzaniso, 5G network inoshanda zvirinani ine yakasimba EMI nhoo uye yakanaka trace dhizaini. Saizvozvo, zvishandiso zvinogara zvakashongedzwa uye kuderedza EMI nekusefa masaini uye nekuafambisa zvine hungwaru.
Urongwa hwakakwana hunobatsira basa rako redunhu zvakanaka mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Nekutora zvinhu zvakanaka, kutenderera chaiko, uye nekuwedzera nhovo dzakanaka, dunhu rako rinogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvaro. Shandisa matipi aya kuita kuti dhizaini yako ive nani uye uwane mibairo mikuru nguva dzese.
FAQ
Chii chinonyanya kukosha pakutendeseka kwechiratidzo mukukurumidza PCB marongero?
Kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvakakosha zvikuru. Sarudza zvinhu zvine yakaderera dielectric nguva dzose (Dk) uye kurasikirwa tangent (Df) kuchengetedza masaini akajeka. Aya maficha anobatsira kuderedza kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo uye kuvandudza mashandiro mumagadzirirwo akakwira-kumhanya.
Iwe unogona sei kudzikisa EMI mukukurumidza PCB magadzirirwo?
Iwe unogona kudzikisa EMI nekushandisa nhovo, pasi, uye nzira dzakanaka dzekutevera. Isa ndege dzepasi pasi pemitsara yezviratidzo uye dzivisa kutenderera kwakapinza. Mutemo we20-H wendege dzemagetsi unobatsira kuderedza EMI panguva yakaderera.
Nei zviri nani kushandisa mashoma vias mukukurumidza PCB marongero?
Vias inogona kukonzera kunonoka kwechiratidzo uye kusawirirana. Kushandisa vias shoma kunoita kuti masaini arambe achiyerera zvakanaka uye anodzivirira matambudziko akaita semafekisheni. Kubatanidza vias pedyo pamwe chete kunonatsiridza kuyerera kwechiratidzo uye kunoderedza kuramba.
Mapaya akasiyana anobatsira sei nekuvimbika kwechiratidzo?
Vaviri vakasiyana vanochengeta zvikwangwani zvakaenzana, kucheka ruzha uye EMI. Vanotakura mafungu akapesana anodzima kupindira. Kufananidza kureba kwekutsvaga uye kuparadzanisa kunoita kuti zvishande zvirinani.
Maturusi ekuenzanisa anogona kuita kuti chiratidzo kutendeka kuve nani?
Ehe, maturusi ekufananidza anowana matambudziko akaita senge isingaenzaniswi impedance uye kuratidzwa. Vanokutendera kuti uedze magadzirirwo usati waagadzira, kuvandudza mashandiro uye kuvimbika mumaPCB anokurumidza.
Tip: Edza maturusi akaita seAltium Dhizaini kana Cadence kune zvirinani simulations.
