Unogona kuita diy pcb pamba chaipo, kunyangwe kana usati wamboedza kare. Vakawanda vanotanga vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vagadzire mabhodhi avo edunhu. Hedzino dzimwe nzira dzine mukurumbira dzaungaedza:
Dhirowa dunhu rako nemaoko pamapuranga emhangura.
Shandisa yemahara PCB dhizaini software seKiCad.
Tumira dhizaini yako kune sevhisi inokugadzirira iwe bhodhi.
Edza nekukurumidza prototyping nematurusi akareruka.
Iwe haudi maturusi emhando yepamusoro kune yega diy chirongwa. Dzimwe nguva, zvinhu kubva mukicheni yako kana dhesiki zvinozoita hunyengeri. Ipe iyo pfuti uye uone kuti iwe unogona sei kugadzira!
Zvishandiso uye Zvishandiso
Basic Zvinhu
Unoda zvinhu zvishoma zviri nyore kutanga kugadzira yako pcb kumba. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndeyendarira-clad board. Ichi chidimbu chebhodhi chitete chakavharwa nemhangura. Iwe zvakare uchada etching zvekushandisa. Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa ferric chloride, asi unogona kuedza zvinhu zvakachengeteka zvemumba sevhiniga uye hydrogen peroxide. Izvi zvinoshanda nemapurojekiti madiki uye hazvina njodzi zvakanyanya pane makemikari emuindasitiri. Vanogona kutora nguva yakati rebei, asi vanoita kuti hurongwa huve hwakachengeteka uye huzhinji hwekutanga-hushamwari.
Kana iwe uchida kusvetuka etching, unogona kushandisa perf board kana veroboard. Aya mapuranga ane maburi uye nzira dzemhangura dzatove panzvimbo. Iwe unongoisa zvikamu zvako uye wozvibatanidza ne solder. Iyi inzira yakanaka yekuvaka masiketi akareruka pasina chero makemikari.
Zano: Kana uchida gadzira dunhu rako usati wavaka, edza software yemahara seKiCad. Zvinokubatsira kuronga pcb yako marongerwo uye kudzivisa zvikanganiso.
Zvishandiso Zvinokosha
Iwe haudi shopu yemhando yepamusoro kuti utange. Heano mamwe maturusi anoita kuti basa rive nyore:
Soldering iron uye solder waya
Multimeter ine akawanda probes
USB kune serial bhiriji
Chirongwa
Basic oscilloscope
Ikozvino inomisa DC magetsi ekupa
Simbi yekusimbisa inoita kuti ubatanidze zvikamu pabhodhi rako. Multimeter inokubatsira kuti utarise kubatana kwako. Mamwe maturusi anokubatsira kuti uedze uye kuronga dunhu rako, asi unogona kutanga nezvinokosha chete.
Zvingakudetsera Zvinhu
Zvimwe zvinhu hazvidiwe, asi zvinogona kuita kuti purojekiti yako ive nyore:
Magirazi ekuchengetedza uye magirovhosi
Chibooreso chidiki kana chibooreso chemaoko kugadzira makomba
Tweezers yezvikamu zvidiki
Fine-tip marker yekudhirowa mitsetse yedunhu nemaoko
Old toothbrush yekuchenesa bhodhi
Iwe unogona kuwana zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvakatenderedza imba yako kana mune yakakosha kit kit. Nezvishandiso izvi uye zvishandiso, wagadzirira kutanga yako yekutanga pcb chirongwa!
DIY PCB Matanho
Kugadzira yako diy pcb kumba kunonzwa kunonakidza. Iwe unowana kuona pfungwa dzako dzichiva nehupenyu. Ngatifambei munhanho imwe neimwe pamwechete, kubva pakugadzira kusvika pakusodha.
patani
Unogona kutanga wako diy pcb chirongwa nepenzura kana software. Kana iwe uchida kudhirowa, tora yakanaka-tip marker uye dhizaini dunhu rako pabhodhi remhangura. Chengeta mitsetse yako yakachena uye yakajeka. Kune mamwe masekete akaoma, maturusi edhijitari anobatsira zvakanyanya.
KiCad isarudzo yakanaka kune vanotanga. Heano maitiro aunoita pcb uchishandisa KiCad:
Vhura KiCad uye gadzira chirongwa chitsva. Iwe unowana mafaera maviri: imwe yeiyo schematic uye imwe yePCB.
Wedzera zvinhu zvako uchishandisa 'Nzvimbo Symbol' chishandiso. Vabatanidza ne 'Nzvimbo Wire' chishandiso.
Mhanya iyo yeMagetsi Mitemo Checker kuti uone chero kukanganisa.
Rongedza tsoka kune zvikamu zvako kuti uzive kuti vanozotaridzika sei pabhodhi.
Gadzira netlist uye ugoipinza mune pcb mupepeti.
Dhirowa chimiro chebhodhi rako uye wedzera maburi ekukwira.
Ronga zvikamu zvako pane marongerwo.
Wedzera mifananidzo kana zvinyorwa kana uchida.
Gadzira ndege yepasi kubatsira kuderedza ruzha.
Tumira kunze dhizaini yako seGerber mafaera ekugadzira.
Zano: Kana dhizaini yako yakakura, tarisa mufananidzo usati wadhinda. Izvi zvinokubatsira kurongedza zvese nemazvo kana wazviendesa gare gare.
dhinda
Kudhinda pcb yako marongerwo zviri nyore. Unoda chena A4 bepa uye glossy magazini bepa. Heino nzira iri nyore yekuzviita:
Dhinda yako pcb dhizaini pane yakajairwa bepa.
Isa bepa remagazini rinopenya pamusoro woriisa pasi.
Cheka bepa rinopenya zvakati kurei kupfuura marongerwo ako.
Isa bhodhi rako remhangura pabepa rinopenya, rutivi rwemhangura pasi.
Peta bepa rakapoteredza bhodhi uye tepi iyo.
Isa bhodhi rakaputirwa mumudziyo wepurasitiki.
Dururira chipikiri chekubvisa pamusoro payo.
Geda zvinyoro nyoro neminwe yako kuendesa toner.
Rega bepa riome, wozoribvisa.
Iyi nzira inoshanda zvakanaka kune diy pcb mapurojekiti. Iwe unowana mitsetse yakapinza uye mavara akajeka.
Gadzirira Bhodhi
Usati watanga diy pcb kugadzira muitiro, unofanira kuwana yenyu mhangura-akapfeka bhodhi kugadzirira. Geza nzvimbo yemhangura nebhurasho remazino rekare uye sipo yendiro. Izvi zvinobvisa mafuta netsvina. Pukuta bhodhi nemucheka wepepa.
Kuchengetedzeka kunokosha. Heino tafura ine dzimwe dziviriro:
Safety Precaution Type | tsananguro |
|---|---|
Maitiro ekuchengetedza magetsi | Shandisa anti-static wristbands, tarisa waya dzakafumurwa, uye chengetedza midziyo pasi. |
Zvipfeko zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo (PPC) | Pfeka magirovhosi, majasi erabhoritari, zvivharo zvechiso, uye zvipfeko zvinorwisa-static. |
Kuchengetedzwa Kwemarara uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwenzvimbo | Shred zvimedu pcb, tevera kurasa mitemo, uye shandisa yakachengeteka zvigadzirwa kana zvichiita. |
Kudzivirira Moto uye Kuputika | Chengeta makemikari mumidziyo isingapindi moto uye chengeta chokudzimisa moto chiri pedyo. |
Kudzidziswa Kwevashandi uye Kuziva | Dzidza nezvezvinhu zvine njodzi uye dzidzira kuchengetedza zvibooreso. |
Kuteerera Kwemitemo | Tevera kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza. |
Dhinda
Kuendesa dhizaini yako kubhodhi inhanho yakakosha. Iyo toner yekufambisa nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya kune diy pcb mapurojekiti. Iwe unoshandisa yakadhindwa glossy bepa uye kupisa kufambisa toner pamhangura. Izvi zvinokupa iwe unopinza, wakavimbika maronda. Vazhinji vanofarira nzira iyi nekuti inokurumidza uye inopa mhinduro padyo nehunyanzvi akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi.
Ongorora: Edza nemaprinta akasiyana uye mapepa. Unogona kuwana combo inoshanda zvakanyanya kune yako diy pcb.
etch
Iye zvino unoda kubvisa mhangura yakawedzerwa. Iwe unogona kushandisa ferric chloride, asi zvekicheni zvinoshanda zvakare. Sakanidza vhiniga uye hydrogen peroxide mumudziyo wepurasitiki. Donhedza bhodhi rako mukati uye tarisa mhangura ichinyangarika kubva munzvimbo dzisina chinhu. Danho iri rinoda kushivirira. Tarisa bhodhi rako maminetsi mashoma.
Chengetedzo yezano: Pfeka magirovhosi uye shanda munzvimbo ine mhepo inofefetera. Rasa makemikari zvakachengeteka.
chibooreso
Mushure mekucheka, iwe unofanirwa kugadzira maburi ezvikamu zvako. Shandisa chibooreso chidiki kana chibooreso chemaoko. Heino dhairekitori rekukurumidza kwemakomba masaizi:
Chikamu Chemhando | Yakakurudzirwa Hole Saizi (mm) |
|---|---|
Terminal blocks uye trimmers | 1.2 kuna 1.5 |
ICs uye resistors | 0.8 |
Zvibatanidza zvakakura | 1.2 kuna 1.5 |
Enda zvishoma uye wakatsiga. Chenesa maburi netoothpick kana zvichidiwa.
Solder
Soldering inounza yako diy pcb kuhupenyu. Tanga nezvikamu zvidiki kutanga. Zviise pabhodhi uye upise zvese zvinotungamira uye padhi nesimbi yako yekusimbisa. Bata solder kujoinhi uye uite kuti iyerere. Iwe unoda kupenya, kubatana kwakatsetseka. Kana iwe ukakanganisa, shandisa solder wick kubvisa imwe solder.
Heino yakapfava soldering yekutarisa:
Unganidza simbi yako yekusimbisa, waya ye solder, uye solder wick.
Isa zvidimbu zvidiki kutanga, wozoenda kune zvakakura.
Pisa chibatanidza uye uwedzere zvishoma solder.
Tarisa majoini anotonhora uye agadzirise kana zvichidikanwa.
Zano: Dzidzira pane zvimedu zvemapuranga usati washanda pane yako yekupedzisira diy pcb. Unozoita zvirinani nekuedza kwega kwega.
Iwe zvino wapedza matanho ose ekugadzira yako diy pcb. Chimwe nechimwe chikamu chemaitiro chinokubatsira kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemagetsi uye pcb dhizaini. Edza nzira dzakasiyana uye ona izvo zvinokuitira zvakakunakira!
Yakanakisa DIY PCB Nzira
Kusarudza yakanakisa diy pcb nzira zvinoenderana nezvaunoda kuvaka uye kuti une nguva yakawanda sei. Iwe unogona kuda kurongeka kwepamusoro, mhinduro dzinokurumidza, kana nzira iri nyore yekutanga. Ngatitarisei nzira nhatu dzakakurumbira uye tione kuti ndeipi inokodzera zvaunoda.
CNC Mill
Kana iwe uchida mitsetse yakapinza uye kunyatsoita, CNC milling inomira kunze. Iwe unoshandisa muchina unodzorwa nekombuta kuveza nzira dzako dzedunhu kubva pabhodhi remhangura. Iyi nzira inokupa mipendero yakachena uye kushivirira kwakasimba. Iwe unogona kugadzira maumbirwo akaoma uye akadzama magadzirirwo.
Heino kuenzanisa nekukurumidza:
Kuonekwa | cNC hwokugaya hwakabvira | Dzimwe Nzira (semuenzaniso, Chemical Etching) |
|---|---|---|
zvakarurama | High nemazvo uye kururama | Kazhinji kuderera chaiko |
mutengo | Yakakwirira nekuda kwekushanda nekushandisa | Nzira dzakaderera, dziri nyore |
Complexity | Inokodzera ma geometries akaoma | Zvishoma kune zvigadzirwa zviri nyore |
CNC milling inogona kuita pakati pemadhora zana nemakumi mashanu kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ekushanda chete, zvichienderana nekuti dhizaini yako ine hunyengeri.
Nzira dzakareruka dzakaita semakemikari etching kazhinji inodhura zvishoma.
Iwe unowana yepamusoro-notch mhinduro, asi iwe unobhadhara zvakanyanya uye unoda yakakosha michina. Kana iwe uchida kugadzira pcb yehunyanzvi kumba, CNC milling isarudzo yakasimba. Kune vakawanda vanotanga, kunyange zvakadaro, inonzwa yakanyanyisa.
UV Resin
UV resin inzira inotonhorera yekugadzira mabhodhi edunhu nekukurumidza. Iwe unodurura resin pabhodhi rako, vhenekera mwenje weUV, uye tarisa dhizaini yako ichioneka. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvikuru kumapurojekiti madiki uye prototypes. Iwe haufanire kukanganisa nemakemikari kana kumirira kwenguva yakareba etching.
Heino tafura inoratidza zvakanakira nezvayakaipira:
Advantages | payakaipira |
|---|---|
Inoshanda uye chaiyo prototyping | Inoda curve yekudzidza yekushandisa |
Kukurumidza kudzokororwa kwezvigadziriso uye pfungwa | Inogona kuve yakashata uye inoda kubata kwakaringana |
Democratizes yakakwirira-resolution PCB prototyping | Haikodzeri mapurojekiti makuru |
Hapana kudikanwa kwechinyakare etching nzira | Kuratidzwa kwechiedza cheUV kunogona kukuvadza |
Inodhura-inoshanda kune vagadziri vadiki | Dzimwe nguva inooma inonamira uye inogona kuita zvigamba |
Inobvumira kusika mukugadzira | Yero kana kusviba nechiedza chakashata |
Iwe haufaniri kusanganisa chero chinhu - ingodira uye uende.
Matete akaomeswa mumaminitsi maviri kana matatu.
Yakakwana yekukurumidza prototypes.
Asi iwe unoda mwenje weUV, iyo inowedzera kumitengo yako. Dzimwe nguva resin inoomesa kana kuti patchy. UV chiedza chinogona kukuvadza, saka unofanira kungwarira. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya kune madiki, ekugadzira mapurojekiti, kwete emapuranga makuru.
Perf Board
Perf board ndiyo nzira iri nyore yekutanga kuvaka matunhu. Iwe unowana bhodhi rine maburi uye mapedhi emhangura atove panzvimbo. Iwe unongosundira zvikamu zvako nemumakomba uye wozvitengesa pasi. Iwe haudi makemikari, maprinta, kana michina yemhando yepamusoro.
Perf board inokupa yakavimbika uye inochinjika hwaro hwedunhu rako.
Iwe unogona kuedza uye kuchinja dhizaini yako sezvaunoenda.
Yakasimba uye yakakwana pakuedza.
Kana iwe uri mutsva kune zvemagetsi, perf board ndiyo yakanakisa diy pcb nzira yekuedza kutanga. Iwe unogona kuvaka masekete akareruka uye kudzidza kuti zvese zvinoshanda sei. Vazhinji magitare pedal mafeni vanoshandisa perf board kune tsika maitiro. Unogona kutarisa PedalPCB.com yekugadzirira-ku-kuvaka pedal mapurojekiti.
Zano: Tanga neperf board kana iwe uchida kudzidza nekukurumidza uye kudzivirira kukanganisa. Iwe unowana ruzivo rwemaoko uye woona mhinduro ipapo ipapo.
Nzira imwe neimwe ine simba rayo. CNC milling inokupa iwe chaiyo, UV resin inokutendera iwe prototype nekukurumidza, uye perf board inoita kuti kudzidza kuve nyore. Edza iwo uone kuti ndeupi unonzwa wakakunakira.
Kukanganisa Kudzivisa
Paunotanga yako diy pcb chirongwa, unogona kumhanya mune mashoma akajairika zvikanganiso. Kuziva zvekuchenjerera kunokubatsira kuti uwane mibairo iri nani uye kunokuchengetera nguva.
Madhizaini Matambudziko
Iwe unoda kuti pcb yako ishande zvakanaka, saka teerera kune marongerwo ako. Vazhinji vanotanga vanofunga kuti kutevedzera diki clearance yakakwana, asi izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko neruzha uye kuita kuti kugadzira kuome. Edza kuchengeta kanenge 0.1 inches pakati pezvikamu uye kumucheto kwebhodhi. Kana iwe ukaita bhodhi rako rive rakakura zvishoma pane yako pateni, iwe unodzivirira kusarongeka uye zvipe iwe nzvimbo yakawanda yekushanda.
Heano mamwe zvikanganiso zvekugadzira zvaunofanira kudzivirira:
Kuisa zvikamu pedyo zvakanyanya kana pedyo nemucheto
Kukanganwa kupeta kaviri-tarisa mambure ako mazita asina kana kubatanidza
Kushandisa simba chete kana makwara epasi pachinzvimbo chewaya zvinongedzo pamabhodhi ane divi rimwe chete, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza chiratidzo chechiratidzo uye mutengo wakaderera.
Zano: Gara uchiongorora chimiro chako usati wadhinda kana kutamisa. Cheki yekukurumidza inogona kukuponesa kubva mumusoro mukuru gare gare.
Etching Errors
Etching inogona kuve yakaoma kana ukamhanyisa kana kusvetuka nhanho. Iwe unogona kuona undercutting kana ukasaparadzira iyo etchant zvakafanana kana kana kuramba kwako kusinganamati zvakanaka. Kuwedzeredza-etching kunoitika kana iwe ukasiya bhodhi mune yakarebesa kana kushandisa yekare etchant. Etching isina kuenzana inogona kuoneka kana ukasakuchidzira mhinduro kana tembiricha yachinja zvakanyanya.
Etching Dambudziko | Maitiro Ekuzvidzivirira |
|---|---|
Kucheka | Shandisa kupikisa kutsva uye nguva yakadzikama |
Over-etching | Tarisa wachi, shandisa new etchant |
Kusaenzana etching | Kanda zvinyoro nyoro, chengetedza tembiricha yakatsiga |
Soldering Matambudziko
Soldering kunounza pcb yako kuupenyu, asi zviri nyore kukanganisa. Kana iwe ukafambisa chikamu apo solder iri kutonhora, iwe unowana yakakanganiswa joint. Kusapisa mubatanidzwa zvakakwana kunotungamirira kumajoini echando. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunopisa kuyerera, nepo kushoma solder kunosiya kubatanidza kusina simba. Kana iwe ukashandisa yakawandisa solder, unogona kugadzira mabhiriji pakati pemapedhi. Mitungamiri isina kucheneswa inogona kukonzera zvikabudura.
Heino runyoro rwekukurumidza kukubatsira kuona nekugadzirisa nyaya dzekutengesa:
Dzokorora majoini akavhiringidzika kana echando kusvikira aita seakanaka.
Bvisa tsvina yakatsva kana ukaona nzvimbo ine rima.
Wedzera mamwe solder kumajoini asina simba, asi usawedzere.
Bvisa imwe solder kuti udzivise mabhiriji.
Cheka zvese zvinotungamira mushure mekutengesa.
Rangarira: Tora nguva yako uye tarisa mubatanidzwa wega wega. Kutengesa kwakanaka kunoita kuti diy yako igare kwenguva refu.
Mazano eDIY Projects
Kugadzirira
Kugadzirira mapurojekiti ako e-diy kunoita kuti zvese zvive nyore. Heino rondedzero iri nyore yekukubatsira kuti utange wakasimba:
Gadzira chimiro chako chePCB uchishandisa software. Ita shuwa kuti ma trace ako angangoita 0.25 mm yakafara.
Geza bhodhi rako remhangura kusvika rapenya. Shandisa sandpaper uye wozoipukuta nekukwesha doro.
Chinja dhizaini yako pabhodhi. Shandisa simbi inopisa kudzvanya dhizaini yakadhindwa pamhangura, wozonyorovesa nekubvisa bepa.
Sanganisa etchant yako yekumba. Gadzirai vhiniga, hydrogen peroxide, uye zvishoma munyu mumudziyo wepurasitiki.
Etch bhodhi rako nekuriisa mune mhinduro. fambisa mudziyo wacho zvinyoronyoro maminitsi mashoma.
Shamba bhodhi, bvisa toner, uye chera maburi ezvikamu zvako.
Zano: Tanga nemapurojekiti akareruka e diy. Iwe unovaka kusatya uye kudzidza izvo zvekutanga usati waenda kune mamwe madhizaini akaomarara.
urongwa
Iwe unogona kuita kuti diy purojekiti yako ive nyore nekutevera mashoma akanakisa maitiro:
Chengetedza dhizaini yako iri nyore. Zvikamu zvishoma uye zvironda zvakafara zvinoreva zvikanganiso zvishoma.
Sarudza zvinhu zvinoshanda pamwe chete zvakanaka. Izvi zvinobatsira bhodhi rako kugara kwenguva refu.
Tarisa hupamhi hwekutsvaga kwako uye nzvimbo. Kupatsanurana kwakaringana kunodzivirira zvikabudura uye kunoita kuti kusodha kuve nyore.
Edza dhizaini yako nemidziyo yekufananidza usati wavaka.
Bvunza mhinduro kubva kune vamwe vanofarira diy mapurojekiti. Unogona kudzidza zvakawanda kubva pane zvakaitika kwavari.
Rangarira: Pose paunopedza basa, unoita zviri nani. Edza kuwedzera zvikamu zvitsva semamicrocontrollers sezvaunokura.
Kupedza
Kupedzisa kwakanaka kunoita kuti bhodhi rako riite sehunyanzvi uye rinogara kwenguva refu. Heino tafura inokurumidza kukubatsira kusarudza kupera:
Kupedzisa Type | Advantages | payakaipira |
|---|---|---|
OSP | Yakachipa, eco-hushamwari, yakanaka kune vanotanga | Kwete sekugara kwenguva refu kumapuranga akaoma |
HASL | Yakasimba, iri nyore kutengesa, inokwanisika | Hazvina kunaka kune zvikamu zvidiki |
ENIG | Best corrosion resistance, yakavimbika zvikuru | Inodhura kupfuura mamwe mapeji |
Kupedza bhodhi rako kunodzivirira kuora, kunovandudza soldering, uye kunoita kuti diy yako purojekiti ibude pachena. Gara uchitarisa kukanganisa uye edza bhodhi rako nemultimeter usati waishandisa. Kana ukaona chero dambudziko, gadzirisa ipapo ipapo.
Iwe unogona kugadzira PCB yako kumba nekungoshandisa mashoma uye kushivirira zvishoma. Heino kudzokorora nekukurumidza kukubatsira kuti utange:
Unganidza zvishandiso zvako uye sarudza dhizaini iri nyore.
Rongedza dunhu rako, kudhinda, kuendesa, etch, uye solder.
Edza bhodhi rako uye dzidza kubva pane chero kukanganisa.
DIY PCB mapurojekiti anokupa iwe kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemagetsi uye rega iwe uvake chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Vazhinji vanoita zvekutamba vanowana kuita uku kunopa mubayiro uye kugadzira. Unogona kutoedza nzira nyowani, sekushandisa zvikamu zvakadzokororwa kana 3D kudhinda trace. Usakanganwe kugovera kufambira mberi kwako uye kukumbira zano munharaunda dzepamhepo — vanhu vanofarira kubatsira nekugovana matipi!
FAQ
Ndinochenesa sei PCB yangu mushure mekunyora?
Iwe unogona kushandisa doro rekukwesha uye bhurashi rezino rekare. Geza bhodhi zvinyoronyoro kuti ubvise yasara toner kana marker. Pukuta nemucheka wepepa. Bhodhi rako rinotaridzika richipenya uye rakagadzirira kugadzirwa.
Ndinogona kugadzira PCB isina makemikari?
Ehe! Iwe unogona kushandisa perf board kana veroboard. Aya mapuranga anokutendera iwe kuvaka masekete nekuisa uye soldering zvikamu. Iwe haufanire kushandisa chero etching makemikari kune iyi nzira.
Chii chandinofanira kuita kana mitsara yangu yakatsvuka?
Rega solder ipapo. Rega bhodhi ritonhore. Shandisa tambo duku kubatanidza trace yakaputsika. Solder waya panzvimbo. Iyi gadziriso yekukurumidza inobatsira basa rako redunhu zvakare.
Kwakachengeteka here kugadzira maPCB kumba?
Izvo zvakachengeteka kana iwe ukatevera mimwe mitemo. Pfeka magirovhosi uye magirazi ekuchengetedza. Shanda munzvimbo ine mhepo yakanaka. Chengetedza makemikari kure nevana uye mhuka dzinovaraidza. Gara uchiverenga zvinyorwa pane zvaunoshandisa.
