PCB Dhizaini Kugadzirira
1. Ruzivo runofanira kupihwa nehardware C
● Yakarurama schematic diagrams, kusanganisira mapepa nemagetsi mafaira uye zvikanganiso zvisina kukanganisa network matafura.
● Iyo yepamutemo BOM ine zvikamu zvekodhi. iyo injinjiniya yehardware inofanirwa kupa DATASHEET kana chinhu chemuviri chezvikamu zvisiri muraibhurari yepasuru uye tsanangura marongero ayo mapini anotsanangurwa.
● Ipa hurongwa huzhinji hwePCB kana nzvimbo yezvikamu zvakakosha uye core circuits. Ipa PCB chimiro dhayagiramu, iyo inofanirwa kuratidza chimiro chePCB, maburi ekukwira, nzvimbo dzekuisa, nzvimbo dzinorambidzwa, uye rumwe ruzivo rwakakodzera.
2. Zvinodiwa zvekutanga pakugadzira usati wagadzira
● High-current components uye network ye1A kana kupfuura.
● Masaini akakosha ewachi, masaini ekusiyanisa, uye anomhanya-mhanya masaini edhijitari.
● Analogi madiki masaini uye mamwe masaini ari nyore kukanganisa.
● Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinokosha zvinodiwa.
3. Zvinyorwa zvekukumbira zvakakosha
● Mitsara yekuparadzira yakasiyana, mambure anoda kudzivirirwa, maitiro impedance network, yakaenzana kunonoka network, nezvimwewo.
● Inorambidzwa wiring nzvimbo dzezvinhu zvakakosha, solder paste offset, solder resist mazaru, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvinodiwa.
● Verenga schematics zvakanyatsonaka kuti unzwisise maumbirwo edunhu uye kuti unzwisise mamiriro ekushanda edunhu.
● Simbisa ma network anokosha muPCB uye unzwisise zvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvezvikamu zvepamusoro-soro zvichienderana nekunyatsotaurirana nevanjiniya ve hardware.
Dhizaini Maitiro
1. Packaging yezvakagadziriswa zvikamu
● Vhura tafura yetiweki uye utarise mumapakeji ese kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mapakeji ezvese zvikamu akarurama uye kuti raibhurari yechikamu ine mapakeji ezvese zvikamu, uye kuti ruzivo rwese rwuri patafura yetiweki rwakaiswa capitalized, kuitira kuti rumwe rutivi rwakaremerwa nematambudziko kana kuti PCB BOM haisi kuenderera mberi, uye kuti zita chairo rezvikamu rinodanwa zvinoenderana nemazita ekambani. Zvikamu zvakajairwa zvese zvakaiswa muraibhurari yekambani yakabatana yechikamu.
● Pamapasuru asipo muchikamu cheraibhurari, injiniya wehardware anofanira kupa chikamu cheDATASHEET kana kuti chinhu chaicho chekuvaka raibhurari nemunhu ane hunyanzvi mukuvaka raibhurari uye kukumbira mumwe wake kuti atsigire.
2. Gadzira PCB board frame
● Gadzira faira rePCB maererano nePCB structure drawing, kana template inofambirana nayo, kusanganisira maburi ekukwira, no-wiring zones, uye mamwe mashoko anoenderana.
● Dimensioning. Iyo chaiyo chimiro chePCB inofanirwa kuratidzwa mudhiri yekuchera uye yakavharwa dimensioning haigoneke.
3. Tumira network tafura
● Tumira netlist uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzese dzekurodha, software yega yega yeEDA yakasiyana, tarisa matutorials ekuti ungaita sei izvi.
● Kana uri kushandisa software yeEDA, netlist inofanira kutengwa kunze kwenyika kanopfuura kaviri (pasina chero meseji yekurudziro) kuti usimbise kuti kupinza kwacho kwakarurama.
4 .PCB Layout
● Danho rokutanga nderokuona painongedzerwa. Kazhinji, nzvimbo yereferensi inoiswa pamharadzano yemitsara yekuruboshwe neyepasi (kana mharadzano yemitsara yekuwedzera) kana padhi rekutanga rekuisa bhodhi rakadhindwa.
Kana imwe nzvimbo yereferensi yatemwa, iyo chikamu marongero uye wiring ichave yakavakirwa pane ino referenzi point. Iyo 10-25 MIL grid inokurudzirwa kurongeka.
● Chengetedza uye kiya zvinhu zvose zvine zvigadziro zvinodiwa kutanga, sezvinodiwa.
● Misimboti yemarongerwo:
① Tevedzera musimboti wekuisa zvakaoma pamberi pezviri nyore uye zvikuru pamberi pezvidiki.
② Kurongeka: Unogona kutarisa kune schematic uye hutsinye dhizaini yakapihwa neinjiniya yehardware uye woisa mikuru yemidziyo yepakutanga zvinoenderana nechiratidzo chekuyerera.
③ Mitsetse yekubatanidza yakazara ipfupi sezvinobvira, ine mitsetse yakapfupika yakakosha yechiratidzo.
④ Zviratidzo zvakasimba, zvikwangwani zvisina simba, masaini emagetsi akakwirira uye zviratidzo zvisina simba zvemagetsi zvinofanira kuparadzaniswa zvachose.
⑤ High-frequency components inofanira kunge yakaenzana zvakakwana.
⑥ Kuparadzanisa analogi uye masaini edhijitari.
● Zvirongwa zveSymmetrical zvinofanira kugamuchirwa pose pazvinogoneka kune zvikamu zvedunhu zvechimiro chimwe chete.
● Gadzirisa marongerwo maererano nemaitiro ekuenzana kugovera, pakati pesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi uye marongerwo anoyevedza.
● Zvikamu zviri mumutsara mumwe chete zvinofanirwa kuenzaniswa mu X kana Y nzira. Polarized discrete zvikamu mumutsara mumwe chete zvinofanirwa kurongeka muX kana Y kutungamira kufambisa kugadzirwa uye kugadzirisa.
● Zvikamu zvinofanira kuiswa nenzira inobatsira kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa, hapana zvikamu zviduku zvinofanira kuiswa parutivi rwezvikamu zvakakura, uye panofanira kuva nenzvimbo yakakwana yakapoteredza zvikamu zvinoda kugadziriswa. Zvinhu zvinogadzira kupisa zvinofanirwa kuve nenzvimbo yakakwana yekubvisa kupisa. Thermal components zvinofanira kuchengetwa kure nezvinhu zvinogadzira kupisa.
● Dual in-line zvikamu zvinofanira kuva zvinopfuura 2 mm kubva kune imwe neimwe.
- mm. Zvidiki zveSMD zvikamu zvakadai sezvipikisi uye capacitors zvinofanirwa kunge zviri kupfuura 0.7 mm kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Kunze kwemapadhi ezvikamu zveSMD kunofanirwa kunge kuri kupfuura 2 mm kubva kunze kwemapadhi ezvikamu zvekaturiji zvakavakidzana. Plug-in zvishandiso hazvifanirwe kuiswa mukati me5 mm yechikamu chakaremerwa. Zvikamu zveSMD hazvifanirwe kuiswa mukati me5 mm yenzvimbo yekusimbisa.
● Decoupling capacitor yedunhu rakabatanidzwa rinofanira kunge riri pedyo sezvinobvira kune pini yekupa simba ye chip, nepamusoro-soro senheyo yekuswedera pedyo. Dunhu rakapfupika rinofanira kuumbwa pakati payo uye magetsi uye pasi.
● Bypass capacitance inofanira kugoverwa zvakaenzana kumativi eIC.
● Pakuronga zvinhu, zvikamu zvinoshandisa magetsi akafanana zvinofanirwa kuonekwa kuti zvakaiswa pamwe chete sezvinobvira kufambisa kupatsanurwa kwemagetsi mune ramangwana.
● Kuiswa kwezvigadziriso uye capacitive zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kune impedance-kufananidza zvinangwa zvinofanirwa kurongeka zvichienderana nehunhu hwazvo.
Iyo dhizaini yekufananidza capacitors uye resistors inofanirwa kutsanangurwa zvakajeka, uye iyo terminal yekufananidza yeakawanda mitoro inofanirwa kuiswa kumucheto kwekupedzisira kwechiratidzo.
● Kurongeka kweanopikisa anopikisa anofanira kunge ari padyo nemagumo ekufambisa kwechiratidzo, uye chinhambwe hachiwanzo pfuura 500.
● Chinja mavara. Mavara ese haafanire kunge ari padhisiki repamusoro kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti ruzivo rwemunhu runogona kuoneka zvakajeka mushure mekusangana. Mavara ese anofanirwa kuenderana mugwara X kana Y. Saizi yemavara uye sirika inotungamira inofanira kunge yakafanana.
● Isa nzvimbo yeMAKA yePCB.
5. Waya dzePCB
●Kuisa mberi kwetambo
① Musimboti weyakasununguka density: Tanga waya kubva pachishandiso nehukama huri nyore hwekubatanidza pabhodhi rakadhindwa, uye tanga waya kubva munzvimbo ine yakasununguka yekubatanidza kutonga nyika yega.
② Core yakakosha musimboti: semuenzaniso, DDR RAM uye zvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kuve zvakakosheswa wiring, yakafanana mitsetse yekutumira masaini inofanira kupa yakatsaurwa layer, simba, pasi loop. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvidiki zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvakazara, uye hazvifanirwe kupesana nezviratidzo zvakakosha.
③Kiyi yechiratidzo mutsara wekutanga: magetsi, analogi masaini madiki, masaini-anomhanya masaini, wachi uye masaini masaini uye mamwe makiyi masaini ekutanga wiring.
● Mitemo yedunhu repasi.
Loop shoma mutemo, kureva, mutsetse wechiratidzo uye chiuno chayo chinoumba nzvimbo yemhete inofanira kuva diki sezvinobvira, nzvimbo yemhete inofanira kuva diki sezvinobvira, idiki nzvimbo yemhete, iyo yakaderera mwaranzi kune kunze kwenyika, kugamuchira nyika yekunze yezvipingamupinyi gumi zvakare idiki. Nekuda kwemutemo uyu, muchikamu chendege yepasi, kufunga nezvekugovaniswa kwendege yepasi uye yakakosha chiratidzo kurongeka, kudzivirira matambudziko akaunzwa neiyo Sandin pasi ndege inotsvedza, nezvimwewo: mune kaviri-layer board dhizaini, kana yekusiya nzvimbo yakakwana yekugovera magetsi, inofanira kusiiwa kumashure kuzadza chikamu chevhu nereferensi kubvumira kuwedzera kweimwe yeayo mafungu anodiwa kune mamwe maburi akabatanidzwa kune maviri maburi maburi. masaini anoedza kutsaura kushandiswa kwepasi kune imwe yepamusoro frequency dhizaini, inoda kutariswa kwakanyanya. Kune mamwe madhizaini epamusoro, kutariswa kwakakosha kunofanirwa kupihwa kune yepasi ndege chiratidzo loop, uye zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa multilayer mabhodhi.
● Scrambling control:
Kupindirana pakati pemambure akasiyana paPCB kunokonzerwa nekureba kwakafanana wiring kunonyanya kukonzerwa nebasa rekugovera capacitance uye kugovera inductance pakati pemitsetse yakafanana. Chiyero chikuru chekukunda kupindira ndechekuwedzera chinhambwe pakati peparallel wiring uye kutevera mutemo we3W.
● Kudzivirira:
Zvinoenderana nemirairo yepasi loop, kutaura zvazviri, zvakare kudzikisa iyo chiratidzo loop nzvimbo, zvakanyanya kune mamwe akakosha masaini, senge wachi chiratidzo, masaini masaini: kune mamwe anonyanya kukosha, kunyanya masaini epamusoro-frequency masaini, anofanirwa kutariswa uchishandisa mhangura-axis tambo yekudzivirira dhizaini, ndiko kuti, jira rinosungirira kumusoro uye kudzika mutsara unofunga kuti mutsara woruboshwe unobata sei pasi uye kudzika pasi. yepasi uye ndege yepasi chaiyo inobatanidzwa zvinobudirira.
● Mitemo yekutonga kwekutungamira:
Zvikamu zviri padyo negwara rekurongeka mune orthogonal chimiro kudzivirira mitsara yezviratidzo zvakasiyana mumatanho ari padyo negwara rimwe chete, kuitira kuderedza kusingakodzeri kupindira kwepakati-layer; apo nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemaitiro ebhodhi zvakaoma kudzivisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, kunyanya kana chiyero chechiratidzo chakakwirira, chinofanira kufungwa nendege yepasi kuparadzaniswa kweiyo wiring layer, iyo yepasi chiratidzo mutsara kuparadzaniswa kwemutsara wechiratidzo.
● Impedance kuenzanisa mitemo:
Upamhi hwe wiring hunofanira kuenderana kune imwechete network. Kusiyanisa muhupamhi hwe wiring kunogona kukonzera kusaenzana mune hunhu impedance ye wiring uye ratidziro pane yakakwirira yekumhanyisa kumhanya, iyo inofanirwa kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira mukugadzira. Pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai sewaya yekubatanidza inotungamira, waya dzepasuru yeBGA uye mavakirwo akafanana, zvingave zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira kusiyana kwehupamhi hwemutsara, uye hurefu hunoshanda hwekusawirirana kwepakati hunofanira kuderedzwa.
- Kuenzanisa kureba kwekudzora mitemo:
Kururamisa kureba kudzora mitemo ndiko, pfupi mutsetse mutemo, mukugadzira anofanira kuedza kuita kuti wiring kureba rive pfupi sezvinobvira, kuitira kuderedza kupindira matambudziko anokonzerwa kureba kurongeka, kunyanya mamwe anokosha chiratidzo mitsetse, akadai wachi mutsetse, iva nechokwadi kuisa oscillator yayo panzvimbo iri pedyo chaizvo mudziyo. Pakutyaira akawanda maturusi, zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa rudzi rwetiweki topology yekushandisa zvinoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo.
- Chamfering mitemo:
Akapinza uye ekurudyi makona anofanirwa kudzivirirwa muPCB dhizaini, ichigadzira radiation isingadiwe pamwe nekusaita maitiro. Yese mutsara kuenda kumakona emutsara unofanirwa kuve ≥ 135 °.
- Kutendeseka mitemo yesimba uye pasi layer:
Kune nzvimbo dzine hurefu hwakanyanya hwemakomba ekuitisa, kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa kudzivirira makomba akabatana munzvimbo dzakacherwa dzesimba uye pasi, zvichigadzira kupatsanurwa kweiyo planar layer, iyo inogona kukuvadza kutendeseka kweiyo planar layer uye, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweiyo loop nzvimbo yemitsara yechiratidzo muvhu revhu.
- 3W Mutemo:
Kuti uderedze kukanganisa pakati pemitsara, inofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutsara wemutsara wakakura zvakakwana, kana pakati pemutsara isiri pasi pe3 nguva yehupamhi hwemutsara, inogona kuchengetedza 70% yemagetsi emagetsi haipindirani, inozivikanwa sekutonga kwe3W. Kana iwe uchida kuwana 98% yemunda wemagetsi haikanganisi mumwe nemumwe, unogona kushandisa mutemo we10W.
● Mutemo 20H:
Sezvo nzvimbo yemagetsi pakati pesimba nepasi pasi ichichinja, kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kunovhenekerwa kunze kumacheto ebhodhi. Izvi zvinonzi edge effect. Zvinokwanisika kuderedza simba rekupa simba mukati kuitira kuti magetsi emagetsi aitwe chete mukati memiganhu yepasi pasi. Maererano neH imwe (hupamhi hwe dielectric pakati pesimba uye pasi), chibvumirano chemukati che 20H chichavhara 70% yemagetsi kumucheto wakadzika; chibvumirano chemukati che100H chichavhara 98% yemunda wemagetsi.
Setup Mitemo
1. Kuronga kurongeka kwekurongedza zvinhu
● Mumagetsi emagetsi epamusoro-soro, simba uye pasi pasi zvinofanira kuva pedyo pamwe chete sezvinobvira, pasina wiring yakarongeka pakati.
Yese wiring layers iri padyo nendege sezvinobvira, nendege yepasi inosarudzwa seyega yekuzviparadzanisa.
● Kuti uderedze kupindira pakati pezviratidzo, zviratidzo zvezviratidzo zvezvikwata zve wiring zviri pedyo zvinofanira kuva perpendicular kune mumwe nemumwe, uye kana zvisingakwanisi kudzivisa nzira imwe chete, ipapo kupindirana kwezviratidzo kune imwe nzira yezvikamu zvezviratidzo zviri pedyo zvinofanira kudziviswa nenzira dzose.
● Unogona kuseta akati wandei impedance layers zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa. Iwo impedance layers anofanirwa kunyorwa zvakajeka sezvinodiwa, teerera kusarudzwa kwereferensi layer, uye ronga ese masaini ane impedance zvinodiwa pamusoro peiyo impedance layer.
2. S gadzirisa upamhi hwemutsara, nzvimbo yemutsara
● Kana chiyero chechiratidzo chemazuva ano chakakura, zvakakosha kufunga nezvehukama huri pakati pehupamhi hwemutsara uye huripo, nokuda kwemashoko, taura kune tafura inotevera, tafura yemazuva ano yemhangura-platinum yehupamhi hwakasiyana uye hupamhi.
3. Kugadzira gomba rakavharika
Iyi tafura inotevera inogona kushandiswa pakugadzika kwepaforation pads uye madhayamita egomba.
