Yakadhindwa Circuit Boards (PCBs) inomiririra zvinhu zvakakosha mukati memidziyo yemagetsi yemazuva ano. Yakamisikidzwa faira mafomati anoita semusana wekugadzira dhizaini uye mhedzisiro yekugadzira. Iwo mafomati akamiswa anogadzira bhiriji rekutaurirana pakati pedhizaini software maapplication uye ese ePCB vagadziri uye nzvimbo dzemagungano.

 Kugadzirwa kwakapfava kunogoneka chete kana zvikwata zvinonyatsonzwisisa akamisikidzwa mafomu mafomati. Naizvozvo, mune ino chinyorwa, iwe uchaverenga iwo ekutanga pfungwa dzePCB dhizaini mafaera pamwe neanoenderana mafomati emafaira egungano.

Mhedziso yePCB Dhizaini uye Gungano Faira Mafomati

Mafaira ePCB anochengeta akawanda marudzi akakosha data data. Saka nekuda kwekunzwisisa kwako regai tinyatsojekesa. Mafaira ePCB anotakura marudzi mana ekutanga eruzivo. Izvi ndezvi:

1. Geometric maitiro
2. Component specifications
3. Netlist zvinongedzo,
4. Uye kugadzira nhungamiro.

Geometric Data

Geometric data inotsanangura chimiro uye marongerwo ebhodhi. Panguva imwe chete, iyo data yechikamu inotsanangura nzvimbo uye tsoka yechikamu chimwe nechimwe chePCB. Mune netlist data mafaira mainjiniya anotsanangura kubatanidza kwemagetsi kunobatanidza zvikamu pamwechete. Kugadzira data kunoshanda segwaro rekuvaka nekuunganidza zvinhu zvemagetsi.

Component data inotsanangura nzvimbo uye tsoka dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe pabhodhi.

Kusimudza

Standardization inovimbisa kugarisana. Ndosaka, pano, IPC basa risingagone kudzikiswa. Sei? Nokuti isangano guru. IPC (Association Connecting Electronics Industries) inovandudza indasitiri zviyero zvemagetsi.

Kuburikidza neizvi masangano ekumisikidza anopa nhungamiro dzakabatana dzinosimbisa kufanana mukati mekugadzira nekugadzira zviitiko. Iyo sisitimu inogonesa kufambiswa kwedata kwakatsetseka pakati pevatengesi vesoftware vakasiyana nekumisikidza yakajairika yekubatanidza. IPC zviyero zvinodzivirira kukanganisa paunenge uchigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro.

Dhizaina Mafaira Mafaira

Kugadzirwa kwePCB kunoda mafaera ekugadzira kuti ashande nemazvo. Mafomati akati wandei anowanzoshandiswa.

A. Gerber Files (.gtl, .gbl, .gts, .gbs)

Iyo indasitiri inovimba nayo Gerber mafaira seyakajairwa fomati. Chimiro chemufananidzo chiripo pakugadzirwa kwemabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa. Imwe neimwe PCB layer inogamuchira inomiririra kuburikidza nevector graphic fomati tsananguro. Iyo .gbs faira inoshanda kuona nzvimbo dzisingafanirwe kuiswa solder.

 Zvimwe zvekuwedzera zvakajairika zviripo. Included formats i

RS-274X imhando yeGerber yemazuva ano. RS-274D yakura. RS-274X inoratidza hukuru nekuti chimiro chayo chinoibvumira kuve neruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira. Aperture tsananguro maitiro anoumba chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinosiyanisa.

D-makodhi anoshandiswa kumisikidza maumbirwo akakosha ekudhirowa maficha muAperture mafomati. Mifananidzo yeGerber inoenderana zvachose neaya maapertures ekugadzira kwavo maitiro. Iwo maumbirwo akakosha anoshandiswa mukugadzira madenderedzwa pamwe chete nemakona emakona padivi petsika-yakatsanangurwa mapolygoni.

Yakawedzerwa Gerber (X2) inovandudza paRS-274X. Inosimbisa ruzivo rwekuvhura. Kune zvakare netlist data. Uyezve, inorerutsa kugadzira. Manual maitiro anodzikira pamwe chete nemitengo yekukanganisa.

B. Eagle Files (.brd, .sch)

Imwe yesarudzo inofarirwa kwazvo yePCB dhizaini software inoramba iri Gondo. Iyo software inowana mukurumbira nekuti vashandisi vanoiona iri intuitive kushanda. Iyo sisitimu inowedzera kushanda nekubatanidza chikamu chekuisa uye nzira muchikamu chayo. Kubatana kwemagetsi kunoonekwa kuburikidza nehurongwa uhu.

Kutarisira kwakanaka kwemaraibhurari kunoramba kuri tsika yakakosha yekushandisa Eagle. Component maraibhurari anochengeta chikamu ruzivo. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinovhara ruzivo rwetsoka, tsananguro yezviratidzo uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi data. Iyo sisitimu inopa mabhenefiti maviri akakosha sezvo ichigadzira madhizaini akafanana ichideredza zvikanganiso zvekugadzira.

Kuburikidza neMushandisi Mutauro Zvirongwa, Gondo rinowedzera kugona kwayo. Unogona kutora mapurogiramu aya sematurusi ekunyora ayo anokwenenzvera basa otomatiki. Zvinorevei? Vanowedzera zvinhu zvitsva. Ivo vanogadzirisa software. chizvarwa cheBOM uye dhizaini yekutarisa mabasa inoshanda semuenzaniso unoshanda.

C. KiCad Files (.kicad_pcb, .kicad_sch)

Iyo software chirongwa KiCad inoshanda seyakavhurika-sosi hardware dhizaini software yemabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa anoratidza masimba ane simba. Kuzivikanwa kwechishandiso ichi kunoramba kuchikura.

Mafaira ese epurojekiti yeKiCad anogovera chimiro chakarongeka chinofambisa manejimendi nekubatana. Saka ipfungwa yakakosha uye yakakosha. Wese mushandisi anofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti dhizaini yesangano inokwenenzvera manejimendi emafaira mumapurojekiti. Zvinoita kuti kubatana kuve nyore.

Vashandisi vanoenderera mberi nekuvaka muunganidzwa wakakura wemaplugins eKiCad software. Plugins anowedzera akawanda maficha. Ivo vanobatsira nekutora data / kutumira kunze. Vanogadzirisa mabasa ekugadzira. Naizvozvo, KiCad inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana.

Kugadzira Mafaira eFaira

Kugadzirwa kwePCB kunoenderana nekugadzira mafaira. Mafomati akati wandei akabatanidzwa.

Gerber Files (.gtl, .gbl, .gts, .gbs)

Gerber mafaera ane chinzvimbo chakakosha mukati mekuita mabasa ekugadzira. Imwe neimwe chikamu chePCB inogamuchira data yemufananidzo kubva kune aya mafaera. Bhodhi rekugadzira muviri rinoenderana nemafaira aya.

Drill Files

Drill mafaira akakosha zvakare. Vagadziri vanowanzo chengetedza mirairo yemuchina wekuchera muExcellon fomati. Aya mafaera anodzora michina yekuchera nekuratidza nzvimbo dzemakomba. Iwo madhiri mafaera anosarudza zvese chinzvimbo uye dhayamita yemakomba ese.

Pamwe chete nemafaira eGerber aya masisitimu anoshanda kugadzira chaiwo PCB mapatani. Chii chauchawana? Zvechokwadi, kunyatsoisa gomba.

Mapaneru ekugadzira anobatanidza akawanda PCB dhizaini mukati meimwe yakawedzera mapaneru chimiro. Izvi zvinogonesa kushandiswa kwezvinhu. Inovandudzawo kushanda kwekugadzira. Ruzivo rwegadziriro yepaneru inogona kuchengetwa mukati meGerber faira mafomati. Iyi sisitimu inosanganisa ese ega ega PCB zvinzvimbo uye chero inodiwa maburi ekushandisa kana mabhureki-kuremara tabo.

ODB++ Mafaira (.odb++)

ODB ++ inomiririra imwe yakakwana yekugadzira faira fomati sarudzo. Iyo ODB ++ faira fomati inobata epamberi data maficha ayo anowedzera akareruka akareruka ekuona anomiririra maumbirwo.

Iyo data yakangwara inowanikwa mukati meODB++ inoputira ruzivo nezve chikamu hunhu. Kuti ndikupe kunzwisisa kwakajeka, regai tinzwisise neimwe nzira. Mienzaniso yeiyi data yakangwara inoreva:

• Chikamu nhamba
• Values
• Uye kushivirira.

Iyo faira inopawo mambure mazita. Inopa mambure mazita. Zvinhu izvi zvinonyatsoratidza kuti zvikamu zviri mukati mekugadzira zvinobatana sei nemagetsi.

Chii chauchawana mune data set? Iwe uchawana ruzivo nezve bvunzo mapoinzi, uchitsanangura chaiwo nzvimbo. Pano, chinangwa ndechekuongorora kushanda kwebhodhi redunhu rakaungana. Ruzivo rwakadzama urwu runoderedza kusajeka. Kuongorora kwevanhu kunova kushoma nemhinduro iyi.

Iyo ODB ++ dhizaini inoita kuti CAM iite maitiro akatwasuka. Inopa dataset yakazara. ODB ++ tekinoroji inodzikisira midziyo yekugadzira inoshanda kugadzirira nguva. Iyo sisitimu inodzivirira zvinogona kugadzira uye kukanganisa kwegungano.

C. IPC-2581 Files (.2581)

IPC-2581 inomiririra chizvarwa chitsva chekugadzira mafaira mafomati anomiririra kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Iyo IPC-2581 fomati inotora Extensible Markup Mutauro (XML) semusana wayo.

XML inogadzira mafomati ekuchengetedza data anoverengwa nevanhu. Iko kushanduka uye kuwedzera kweIPC-2581 kunobva zvakananga kubva pakugadzirwa kwayo. Ese maitiro ePCB anogashira tsananguro dzakakwana kuburikidza nefomati iyi. Iyo sisitimu inosanganisa ese madhizaini ekugadzira nemaitiro ekugadzira uye mirairo yegungano.

Gungano Mafaira Emafaira

budirira Pcb gungano mashandiro anoenderana nemafaira egungano. Mafomati akati wandei akabatanidzwa.

A. Bhiri reZvinhu (BOM) Mafaira (.csv, .xls, .xlsx)

Bhiri reZvinhu (BOM) mafaera anogadzira hesera yezvese zvinodiwa zvikamu zvegungano. Mafomu efaira eBOM akajairwa ane .csv yeComma Separated Values uye Excel Spreadsheets inomiririrwa ne.xls uye .xlsx yeExcel Open XML spreadsheets.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzeBOM dziripo. Semuenzaniso, engineering BOM inotarisa pane zvakatemwa zvekugadzira. Saizvozvo, kugadzira BOM ruzivo zvikamu zvekugadzira. Kutengesa BOM inobvumira kuwana kune mutengo wemari pamwe nemirairo yekuraira.

Iwo mameseji ezvekurongedza zvinhu anobata kukosha mukati meiyo BOM chimiro. Zvinyorwa izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo nezve echikamu mafomu ekurongedza akadai seSOIC neQFP pamwe chete nehukuru hwavo uye nhamba dzemupi wechikamu.

B. Sarudza-uye-Nzvimbo Mafaira (.csv, .txt)

Michina yekubatanidza yega yega inotsamira pamafaira ePick-uye-Nzvimbo pakushanda kwawo. Iyo sisitimu inogamuchira mafaera kubva kune aya mafaera nezve chikamu chinoenda kune yega yega nzvimbo yakatarwa. Vavaki vanowanzo shandisa .csv mafaira pamwe chete ne .txt (plain text) mafaira semafomati akajairika.

Sarudza-uye-Nzvimbo mafaira ane akasiyana. Imwe neimwe modhi yemuchina wekusangana inoda misiyano yakasarudzika mumasetiro ayo. Imwe neimwe yePick-ne-Nzvimbo faira ine chikamu cheX/Y chekuisa ruzivo pamwe chete nemirairo yekutenderera uye mareferenzi emadhizaini.

Zvinangwa zvidiki zvinozivikanwa sefiducial marker zvinoonekwa pamabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa (PCBs). Muchina wegungano unowana kurongeka chaiko nekuda kwezvikamu izvi. Kubatanidza otomatiki kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemakasi ekushanda nemazvo.

C. Gungano Mifananidzo (.pdf, .dwg)

Mirayiridzo yekuona yekutungamira maitiro egungano inogona kuwanikwa mumifananidzo yegungano. Mafaira efomati yegwaro regungano anosanganisira .pdf yePortable Document Format uye .dwg yeAutoCAD Drawing.

Kune akati wandei emhando dzemagungano mifananidzo iripo. Chinzvimbo chechikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzwa kuburikidza nechikamu chekuisa mifananidzo. Maonero akaputika anoratidza gadziriro yegungano rezvikamu.

Shanduko uye Kuenderana Nyaya

PCB faira shanduko inogadzira nyaya dzakawanda. Maturusi chaiwo anobatsira pakushandura. GerbView inobata mafaira eGerber. ODB++ vanoona vanoongorora ODB++ data.

Iyo nzira yekutendeuka inotakura njodzi yekurasikirwa nedata. Kurasikirwa nedata uye njodzi dzehuori dziripo mune iyi ruzivo. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwekugadzira. Kutarisa mhinduro mushure mekutendeuka kunoda kunyatsotariswa mukuita.

Kushanda faira manejimendi kunoenderana neshanduro control system. Git inoteedzera faira shanduko. Vashandisi veGit vanogara vachiziva kuti ndeipi vhezheni yavari kushandisa nekuti iyo system inoteedzera faira inochinja nemazvo. Chishandiso chinoita kuti vamwe vese vashandisi vawane iyo chaiyo faira vhezheni.

Maitiro Akanyanya Kushanda nePCB Mafaira Mafaira

Maitiro akati wandei anoshanda kuchengetedza PCB faira mafomati kubva kune nyaya.

Documentation

Zvinyorwa zve layer stackup zvinoramba zvakakosha pakugadzira PCB. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura zvese zviri zviviri zvishandiswa uye kutevedzana kwemachira anowanikwa muPCB dhizaini. Vagadziri vanoda kuwana ruzivo urwu vasati vaenderera mberi.

Zvinyorwa zvinochengeta munhu wese ari papeji imwe chete nezve layer zvinhu kuitira kuti yekupedzisira bhodhi kuvakwa kudzivirira kukanganisa. Kurangarira, zvinyorwa zvinofanirwa kusanganisira:

1. Kurongeka kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe (semuenzaniso, chiratidzo chepamusoro, ndege yepasi, ndege yemagetsi, chiratidzo chepasi).
2. Zvinyorwa zvega rega rega (semuenzaniso, FR-4, prepreg, mhangura).
3. Ukobvu hwega hwega.
4. The yose bhodhi ukobvu.

DRCS

Dhizaini Rule Macheki (DRCs) anoshanda seotomatiki verification maitiro anoshanda kuburikidza nedhizaini software mapuratifomu. Vanowana zvikanganiso zvekugadzira. Matambudziko ekugadzira anogona kubuda kubva pane zvakaonekwa zvikanganiso zvekugadzira.

Kutanga Dhizaini Rule Macheki (DRCs) panguva dzekutanga nhanho yedhizaini inogadzira zvakakosha mabhenefiti. Dhizaini Rule Cheki inobatsira kudzivirira inodhura kugadzirisa uye kuderedza dhizaini nguva. Mienzaniso yekuongorora kweDRC inosanganisira:

• Tevera hupamhi uye nzvimbo.
• Kuburikidza nehukuru uye nzvimbo.
• Kuchenesa pakati pezvikamu uye bhodhi mupendero.
• Annular mhete saizi yakatenderedza vias uye kuburikidza-maburi.

Kuchengeta nhaurirano dzakajeka nevagadziri kunoratidza kukosha kukuru. Iyi nzira inoderedza kutadza kwekutaurirana izvo zvinotungamira kune zvinobudirira zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Ruzivo rwakakosha pakukurukurirana runosanganisira:

Layer stackup details.

Zviyero zvakakosha uye kushivirira. Izvi zvinotsanangura zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogamuchirwa muhukuru uye chimiro.

Chero zvakakosha zvekugadzira zvinodiwa. Iri bhodhi dhizaini rinoshandisa chaiyo kupedzisa kwepamusoro pamwe neiyo impedance control maficha uye inochengetedza yakadzora kuchera kudzika.

Zvaunofarira mafaira mafomati. Nekusarudza aya mafomati anosarudzika faira iwe unowana seamless kuenderana uku uchibvisa njodzi yematambudziko ekushandura fomati.

Zvinyorwa zvinofanirwa kusanganisira mamwe madhairekitori kana dhizaini mazwi. Ruzivo urwu runotsanangura zvinhu zvakakosha uye nzira yekuzvibatanidza.

Kugara Kukurukurirana

Kukurukurirana nguva dzose panguva yekugadzira. Kukurukurirana kwenguva dzose kunochengeta matambudziko uye mibvunzo kubva mukugadzira.

mhedziso

Kugadzirwa kwePCB kunoda mafomati efaira akamisikidzwa kuti ashande nemazvo. Kunzwisisa mafomu aya kwakakosha. Uyezve, maitiro akanaka anokosha. Kuchengeta kutaurirana kwakajeka nevagadziri kunomira serimwe remabasa ako akakosha. Kuita vimbiso dzakakwana pamwe chete nekuchenjerera shanduro yekutonga kunobatsira kudzivirira kukanganisa. Chinyorwa chacho chakanyorwa nechinangwa chokukubatsira kuti ubate pfungwa dzinokosha.