1.Chii chinonzi midziyo yemagetsi nemaseketi?
Chokutanga pane zvose, unofanira kuziva nezvemagetsi. Iro bazi refizikisi neinjiniya rinobata nekudzidza kwemaerekitironi, maitiro avo, kuyerera, uye kutonga pasi pemamiriro akasiyana. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi ndizvo zvikamu zvinodzora kuyerera kwemagetsi ekugadzirisa ruzivo uye hurongwa hwekutonga zvinangwa. Zvishandiso izvi zvinogonesa mabasa akaomarara senge kutaurirana, komputa, uye otomatiki uchishandisa semiconductor zvikamu senge zvakabatanidzwa dunhu uye transistors. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinopindura pamaseketi emagetsi.
Mutambo wemagetsi musanganiswa wezvikamu zvemagetsi zvega zvega senge resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, uye transistors zvakabatanidzwa kuburikidza newaya kana yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi umo magetsi anogona kuyerera. Mienzaniso yemaseketi emagetsi ari nyore LED maseketi, magetsi ekupa maseketi, amplifier maseketi, nezvimwe.
2. Ndeipi basa remidziyo yemagetsi muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano?
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvine basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano, kushandura maindasitiri akasiyana. Mazuva ano zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pakushandisa mbozhanhare kuenda kumidziyo yepamusoro, zvishandiso izvi zvinoita kuti hupenyu hwedu huve nyore, hunowanikwa, uye hugadzikane. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvine basa rakakura muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwepamusoro. Kana wakamboshamisika kuti zvishandiso izvi zvinoshanda sei, hausiwe wega. Vanhu vakawanda havazivi kunyange kana vachigara vachizvishandisa, kuti midziyo yemagetsi nematunhu inoshanda sei. Zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinoumbwa nemaseketi emagetsi ane zvikamu zvemagetsi kugadzirisa mashandisirwo akasiyana, ruzivo, uye masisitimu. Mimwe yeminda mikuru umo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvine simba rakakura ndeaya anotevera:
- Consumer Electronics uye Smart Devices
- Artificial Intelligence uye Computer System
- Industrial Electronics uye kushandisa michina
- Healthcare uye Medical Field
- Kukurukurirana uye Kubatana
3. Ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi?
Passive Zvikamu
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi inoumbwa nemagetsi (passive) zvinhu zvakadai seresistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, uye transistors. A resistor chinhu chemagetsi chinoshandiswa chinopedza simba uye chinoshanda semutoro. Inopikisawo kufamba kwezvino. A capacitor inochengetedza simba muchimiro chechaji yemagetsi. Inductor inochengetedza simba iri muchimiro chemagnetic field.
Zvinoshanda Zvikamu
A transistor is semiconductor inoshanda yemagetsi chikamu. Inoshandiswa sechinjo mumidziyo yemagetsi, kana dzimwe nguva inosimudzira masaini uye simba. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yedu yemazuva ese uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, zvakaita semakomputa, nharembozha, ndangariro chips, etc. Transistors ndizvo zvakakosha zvikamu zveintegrated circuits (IC) zvine mapassive components like resistors and capacitors akaiswa padiki chip.
Semiconductor Midziyo
Diodes inobvumira ikozvino mune imwe nzira ichivharira kuyerera kwazvino mukudzokera kumashure. Iine P-mhando uye N-mhando semiconductor zvinhu. Mhando dzakakosha dzema diode maZener diode uye malight-emitting diode. Inodzivirirawo masekete kubva kune overvoltage kana reverse polarity.
Mimwe semiconductor michina ndeye bipolar junction transistors uye simbi oxide semiconductor field effect transistors mumidziyo yemagetsi nemaseketi. 'BJTs midziyo inodzorwa-zvino ukuwo maMOSFET ari midziyo inodzorwa nemagetsi.
Electromechanical Zvikamu
Mumidziyo yemagetsi, relays ma electromechanical switch anogadzirwa neelectromagnet coil, mapoinzi ekusangana, uye mechanical lever. Inoshandisa simba rezasi chiratidzo chekudzora simba remagetsi redunhu. Relays inopa kuparadzaniswa kwemagetsi pakati pekutonga uye kurodha maseketi. Relays anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumashandisirwo mazhinji akadai seindasitiri otomatiki, mota control uye midziyo yemumba.
Switch is an electromechanical device inoshandiswa kupaza kana kugadzira dunhu remagetsi kana remagetsi. Maswichi anogona kushanda nemaoko kana nemichina. Shanduko dzinoshandiswa mumagetsi masisitimu, mafiriji, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, air conditioners, nezvimwe.
Mota zvakare mudziyo wemagetsi unoshandura simba remagetsi kuita magetsi emagetsi. Kune akawanda marudzi emamota, senge DC, AC mota, servos, uye induction motors. Iwo anoshandiswa mumashandisirwo akasiyana senge maindasitiri masisitimu, magetsi uye mahybrid mota, uye marobhoti, nezvimwe.
4.What are electronic circuits?
Seketi yemagetsi inzira kana nzira iyo magetsi anoyerera achipfuura nepakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana zvemagetsi zvakaita seresistors, capacitors, transistors, uye inductors. Maseketi emagetsi ndiwo matombo ekuvaka ezvese zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye masisitimu. Kubva pakushandiswa kwema Smartphones kusvika kuhombe maindasitiri uye magetsi system tekinoroji, pane yakakosha mupiro wemaseketi emagetsi mukusimudzira maapplication aya.
5. Mhando dzeMagetsi Emagetsi
| Rudzi rwe Electronic Circuit | tsananguro | mienzaniso |
| Analog Circuit | Analogi sedunhu imhando yedunhu remagetsi rinogona kugadzirisa masaini anoenderera kana data uye kuburitsa zvinobuda mune analogi fomu. Iyo ine zvinhu zvemagetsi senge resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, uye transistors. | Audio amplifier, Tembiricha sensors |
| Digital Circuits | Dhijitari maseketi maitiro uchishandisa discrete masiginecha kana dhijitari kukosha senge binary makodhi. Digital maseketi musanganiswa wemagedhi anonzwisisika uye transistors. | Microprocessor, Digital logic magedhi (UYE, KANA NAND), |
| Mixed Signals Circuits | Mixed-signal circuits ari chaizvo akabatanidzwa maseketi ane ese analogi uye dijitari maseketi pane imwe chip. Aya maseketi emagetsi anogadzira ese analogi uye masaini masaini. Iwo anoshandiswa mukushandisa senge modem, vanogamuchira, uye smartphones. | Analog-to-digital converters (ADC), digital-to-analog converters (DAC) |
| Yakadhindwa Circuit Board | A rakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi is a non-conductive pamusoro kana bhodhi ane conductive mitsetse akaiswa pairi. Imhando yemagetsi emagetsi anobatanidza zvikamu zvemagetsi. Mumazuva ano tekinoroji, maPCB ane basa rakakura mumidziyo yemagetsi nemaseketi. MaPCB anogona kuve ega, maviri, kana akawanda-layer, zvichienderana nekuoma uye dhizaini yedunhu. | Nharembozha, makomputa, midziyo yemagetsi |
| Linear Circuits | Iyo yemagetsi seketi ine maparamendi anoenderana nenguva uye haashanduke neazvino kana voltage kukosha inonzi iine mutsara wedunhu. Inotevera mutemo waOhm. | Voltage Dividers, RC uye RL maseketi |
| Non-Linear Circuits | A nonlinear circuit imhando yemagetsi emagetsi ayo maparameters anoshanduka nemagetsi kana ikozvino. Aya maseketi haateereri mutemo weOhm. Kubuda kwemasekete asina mutsara hakuna kuenzana nekuisa semutsara masekete. | Rectifiers, amplifiers, Digital logic circuits |
6. Nzira yekugadzira Electronic Circuits
Paunenge uchigadzira maseketi emagetsi, pane matanho mashoma akakosha anofanirwa kuteverwa.
Kunzwisisa Circuit Schematics
Circuit schematics ndiyo inomiririra graphical yedunhu remagetsi nekushandisa zviratidzo zvakamira. Kunzwisisa dhiyagiramu yedunhu kana schematics kwakakosha pakugadzira, kuongorora, uye kuyedza kana kugadzirisa matambudziko emagetsi maseketi.
Prototyping uye PCB Dhizaini
Mushure mekunzwisisa schematics yedunhu, danho rechipiri rekugadzira dhizaini yemagetsi ndeye prototyping uye yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi dhizaini. PCB prototypes ndiyo yekutanga samples yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakagadzirirwa basa rekutanga rekuyedza. Zvishandiso zvemagetsi uye vagadziri vedunhu uye vagadziri vePCB vanoshandisa akasiyana PCB prototypes kuyedza akasiyana mativi emaseketi emagetsi akasarudzwa.
Troubleshooting uye Kugadzirisa Techniques
Kana zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvikasashanda, ipapo kuziva izvo zvinokanganisa zvikamu mudunhu ndicho chinangwa chekutanga chevagadziri uye mainjiniya emagetsi. Nokuziva zvikamu zvakakuvadzwa, kusashanda, uye zvakaputsika kana zvikamu, vagadziri vanogona kuzvitsiva neanoshanda kuita kuti ashandiswe zvakanaka uye kushanda.
7. Kuedza uye Kuyera Zvishandiso zveMagetsi Devices
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope mudziyo unoshandiswa kuona masaini emagetsi emagetsi nekufamba kwenguva. Iyo yakapa graphical uye yekuona inomiririra yevoltage chiratidzo maringe nenguva. Oscilloscope inobatsira mukuongorora masaisai, masaisai echiratidzo, mhinduro yenguva pfupi, uye ruzha mumaseketi emagetsi. waveform, ichikubvumidza kuti utarise uye udzidze maitiro emagetsi masisitimu. Inonyanya kushandiswa kune telecommunication uye zvemagetsi.
multimeter
Multimeter chishandiso chekuyedza uye chekuyeresa chinoshandiswa kuyera akawanda emagetsi paramita edunhu remagetsi, seazvino, voltage, uye kuramba. Inogona kuyera AC uye DC voltage, ikozvino, uye kuramba mune ohms. A multimeter inogona kushandiswawo kuenderera mberi cheki yekubatanidza kwakaputsika mune yemagetsi mudziyo kana dunhu. Yakajairika analog uye dijitari multimeter inoratidzwa sezvizvi:
8. Zvikumbiro zveMagetsi Devices uye Circuits
- Zvevatengi zvemagetsi
- Industrial kushandisa michina
- Robotics uye Intelligence
- Zvishandiso Zvekurapa
zvemagetsi zvemagetsi
Midziyo yevatengi ndiyo midziyo inoshandiswa pakuvaraidza, kutaurirana, kana ruzivo. Anowanzo shandiswa kuitira nhandaro dzakakodzera. Munguva yanhasi yetekinoroji, zvemagetsi zvevatengi zvinogonesa kubatanidza pasi rose kuburikidza nemafoni uye malaptop. Mienzaniso yemagetsi evatengi masmartphones, malaptop, smartwatches, mahedhifoni, air conditioners, microwave oveni, nezvimwe.
Industrial michina
Electronics engineering nemidziyo ine simba guru pakushanda kwakanaka kwemaindasitiri. Maseketi emagetsi anodzora uye anotarisisa maitiro emaindasitiri akadai setembiricha, kuyerera, uye kumanikidza. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye maseketi anonatsiridza kushandiswa kwesimba mumaindasitiri masisitimu. Inogonesawo otomatiki uye marobhoti mumaindasitiri masisitimu.
Robotics uye artificial intelligence
Zvishandiso zvemagetsi uye masekete ndizvo zvakakosha kune marobhoti uye kungwara kwekugadzira (AI). Inobatsira mukugonesa kuita sarudzo, kuona, uye kutonga kwema sensors akadai se infrared uye LiDAR. Maseketi emagetsi anobatsira kumunda wemarobhoti uye hungwaru hwekugadzira nekugadzirisa huwandu hwakakura hwe data inodiwa kudzidzisa uye kuendesa muchina kudzidza algorithms mumarobhoti masisitimu.
Zvekushandisa pakurapa
Kufanana nemamwe minda, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye maseketi zvinoita basa rakakosha munharaunda yekurapa uye zvishandiso. Yakagonesa kufambira mberi mukurapa, kuongororwa, uye kutarisa hutano kuburikidza nemidziyo yakaita semidziyo yekufungidzira uye mamwe masisitimu ekutarisa. Zvishandiso uye mienzaniso yemidziyo yemagetsi mukurapa ndeye X-ray michina, MRI michina, CT scans, ECG, EEG, biomedical sensors, blood glucose monitors, nezvimwe.
mhedziso
Zvishandiso zvemagetsi nemaseketi zvinoita basa rakakosha mukuita kuti hupenyu hwedu huve nyore, kuumba tekinoroji yemazuva ano, nekusimudzira kufambira mberi mune dzakasiyana siyana. Midziyo iyi inogadzirwa nekushandisa zvinhu zvemagetsi senge passive, inoshanda, uye semiconductor zvikamu zvinoshanda mumasisitimu ekutonga uye kugadzira ruzivo. Kubva panharembozha uye kufungidzira kwekurapa kusvika kumagetsi masisitimu uye maindasitiri otomatiki, maseketi emagetsi anoumba musana weanoshanda masisitimu uye hunyanzvi muhunyanzvi hutsva. Yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi dhizaini uye nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko dzakakosha pakugadzira mudziyo wemagetsi unoshanda.
Wonderful PCB, inotungamira zvemagetsi uye PCB yekugadzira mhando, inopa yakanakisa zvigadziriso zvemagetsi uye inoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira tekinoroji yemagetsi nekupa emhando yepamusoro mabasa ekugadzira zvemagetsi uye masevhisi ekugadzira PCB kumaindasitiri akasiyana.
