PCB (Ibhodi yeSekethe eShicileleyo) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-elektroniki esebenza njengenkxaso yesakhiwo se-electronic components kunye ne-carrier yokudibanisa umbane. Ibizwa ngokuba yibhodi yesekethe "eprintiweyo" kuba iveliswa kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokushicilela be-elektroniki. I-PCB yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kushishino lombane. Phantse zonke izixhobo zombane, ukusuka kwizinto ezincinci ezifana neewotshi zedijithali kunye neekhatyhuleyitha ukuya kwiinkqubo ezinkulu ezinjengeekhompyuter, unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, kunye neenkqubo zezixhobo zomkhosi, zisebenzisa iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ukudibanisa iisekethe ezidibeneyo kunye nezinye. izixhobo zombane ngombane.
Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo iqulethe i-substrate ekhuselayo, iingcingo ezidibanisayo, kunye neepads zokudibanisa kunye ne-soldering components ze-elektroniki, zisebenza zombini njengeendlela zokuqhuba kunye nesiseko sokukhusela. Inokuthi ithathe indawo yocingo oluntsonkothileyo ukufezekisa uqhagamshelo lombane phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukwenza lula ukudibanisa kunye neenkqubo ze-soldering, ukunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi ohambelana neendlela ze-wiring zemveli, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukuqina komsebenzi. Ukongeza, PCB ukunceda ukunciphisa ubungakanani bezixhobo zizonke, iindleko ezisezantsi zemveliso, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo zombane. Banikezela ngokuhambelana kakuhle kwemveliso kwaye banokumiselwa ngokusemgangathweni kuyilo, ukuququzelela umatshini kunye ne-automation kwimveliso. Ngaphezu koko, ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo edityanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ivavanyiwe inokusebenza njengenxalenye ezimeleyo, eyenza kube lula ukutshintsha nokugcina iimveliso ezipheleleyo.
Iibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo zazenziwe ekuqaleni kwi-laminates eyenziwe nge-copper-clad. Ukusukela oko kwasungulwa ii-semiconductor transistors ngeminyaka yoo-1950, imfuno yeebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo iye yanda. Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kweesekethe ezidibeneyo kuye kwakhokelela kwizixhobo zombane ezincinci ezinokunyuka koxinano lwesekethe kunye nobunzima, okufuneka ukuba kubekho ukutsha okuqhubekayo kwiibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo. Okwangoku, iintlobo zePCB ziye zavela kwiibhodi ezicalanye ukuya kwiibhodi ezinamacala amabini, iibhodi ezininzi, kunye neebhodi eziguqukayo. Ubume kunye nomgangatho wabo uqhubele phambili ukuya kuxinzelelo oluphezulu, i-miniaturization, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Iindlela ezintsha zokuyila, izixhobo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa zihlala zivela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter uyilo (CAD) isoftwe yePCB iye yamkelwa ngokubanzi kushishino, kwaye imveliso yomatshini kunye ne-automated ithathe indawo yeenkqubo zemanuwali kubavelisi abakhethekileyo bePCB.
Ukuhlelwa ngokweLayer Count
Ngokwenani leeleya zesekethe, iPCB inokuhlelwa ngokweebhodi ezicalanye, iibhodi ezinamacala amabini, kunye neebhodi ezininzi. Iibhodi eziqhelekileyo ze-multilayer zinemigangatho emine okanye emithandathu, ngelixa iibhodi ezintsonkothileyo zinokuba neeleya ezininzi. Iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zokuhlelwa kwePCB zezi:
Iibhodi ezicalanye
Iibhodi ezicalanye (Iibhodi ezikwicala elinye) zineekhomponenti ezigxininiswe kwicala elinye kunye neetrayisi zokuqhuba kwelinye icala (okanye zombini iitrayisi kunye namalungu anyuswe phezulu kwelinye icala, kunye nenxalenye yomngxuma kwelinye). Kuba umkhondo uvela kwicala elinye kuphela, olu hlobo lwePCB lubizwa ngokuba calanye. Ngenxa yothintelo olungqongqo kwi Uyilo lwesekethe (umkhondo awukwazi ukuwela kwaye kufuneka uthathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo), iibhodi ezicalanye zisetyenziswa kuphela kuyilo lwesekethe yokuqala.
Iibhodi ezinaMacala amabini
Iibhodi ezinamacala amabini (iibhodi ezinaMacala aMbini) zibandakanya i-wiring kumacala omabini, zifuna ukudibanisa okufanelekileyo kombane phakathi kwamacala amabini. Olu nxibelelwano, lwaziwa ngokuba yi-vias, luyimingxuma emincinci ezaliswe okanye eqatywe ngesinyithi evumela ukuba umkhondo ovela kumacala omabini udibanise. Iibhodi ezinamacala amabini, ezinendawo ephindwe kabini yendawo yeebhodi ezicalanye, zisombulula imiba edibeneyo Uyilo olucalanye (ukuvumela ukuba uqhagamshelo lwenziwe nge-vias). Zifaneleke ngakumbi kwiisekethe ezinobunzima ngakumbi kunezo ziqhelekileyo ziphathwa ngamabhodi asecaleni elinye.
Ibhodi eguquguqukayo, ibhodi eRigid-eguquguqukayo
Iibhodi ze-Multi-Layer Boards zandisa indawo ekhoyo yocingo ngokusebenzisa iibhodi ezininzi ezinamacala elinye okanye ezimbini. Umzekelo, i-PCB enemigangatho emine inokuquka ibhodi enamacala amabini njengomaleko wangaphakathi, ejikelezwe ngamacala amabini anecala elinye njengemaleko angaphandle, okanye iibhodi ezimbini ezinamacala amabini njengezaleko zangaphakathi ezineebhodi ezimbini ezinamacala elinye njengezaleko zangaphandle. Ezi bhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo zidibene kunye nezinto ezincamathelayo zokugquma kwaye ziqhagamshelwe ngokweemfuno zoyilo. Inani leengqimba alibonisi inani lee-wire layers ezizimeleyo; kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, iileya ezingenanto zingongezwa kubukhulu bebhodi yokulawula, kunye nenani leeleya eziqhele ukuba zilinganayo kwaye zibandakanya iileya ezimbini ezingaphandle. Uninzi lweebhodi zoomama zinemigangatho emi-4 ukuya kweyesi-8, nangona ngokobuchwephesha, iPCB inakho phantse i-100 imigangatho. Ii-supercomputers ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlala zisebenzisa ii-motherboards ezinomaleko ophezulu, kodwa njengamaqela eekhompyuter ezisemgangathweni ngoku zinokuthatha indawo yeenkqubo ezinjalo, iibhodi ze-ultra-multilayer ziya zisiba mbalwa. Umaleko ngamnye kwi-PCB udityaniswe ngokuqinileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuqaphela elona nani leeleya, nangona uqwalaselo ngononophelo ibhodi inokutyhila olu lwazi.
Ibhodi eguquguqukayo, ibhodi eRigid-eguquguqukayo
Iibhodi eziguquguqukayo, iibhodi eziqinileyo-eziqinileyo zihlelwe kwiibhodi zeesekethe eziqinileyo kunye neebhodi zesekethe eziguquguqukayo. Ngokubanzi, i-PCB eboniswe kumfanekiso wokuqala kubhekiselwa kuyo njenge-PCB engqongqo, ngelixa uqhagamshelo olutyheli kumfanekiso wesibini lubizwa ngokuba yi-PCB eguqukayo. Umahluko obonakalayo kukuba i-PCB ebhetyebhetye inokugotywa. Ubunzima obuqhelekileyo be-PCB eqinile bubandakanya i-0.2mm, 0.4mm, 0.6mm, 0.8mm, 1.0mm, 1.2mm, 1.6mm, kunye ne-2.0mm. Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo be-PCB eguquguqukayo yi-0.2mm, kunye neengqimba ezityebileyo zongezwa ngasemva kwi-soldering components, ezinokuqala kwi-0.2mm ukuya kwi-0.4mm. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kubonelela iinjineli zesakhiwo ngereferensi yendawo ngexesha loyilo. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zePCB eqinile ziquka i-phenolic paper laminates, i-epoxy paper laminates, i-polyester fiberglass laminates, kunye ne-epoxy fiberglass laminates; izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-PCB eziguquguqukayo ziquka ifilimu ye-polyester, ifilimu ye-polyimide, kunye nefilimu ye-ethylene propylene ene-fluorinated.
