Ukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwamafoni e-AI

Ukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwamafoni e-AI

Uma usebenzisa amafoni e-AI, uzwa amandla obuhlakani bokwenziwa. Abenzi manje basebenza ukufaka ama-chip athuthukile namamodeli olimi amancane ngaphakathi. Ungasebenzisa izici ezifana nokuhumusha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuthwebula izithombe zekhompyutha ngokushesha. Lokhu kusebenza noma ungenayo i-inthanethi. Lawa mafoni anezisheshisi ezikhethekile ze-AI kanye nama-NPU emisebenzi enzima. Onjiniyela babheka futhi ukwakheka kwe-PCB eduze. Baqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye isiza i-AI ukuthi isebenze kahle. Lolu shintsho luletha izinkinga ezintsha kanye namathuba ajabulisayo esikhathi esizayo.

Izitoreji Eziyinhloko

  • Amafoni e-AI anezici ezinhle njengokuhumusha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlela izithombe ngobuhlakani. Lezi zici ziwenza abe usizo kakhulu kunamafoni avamile.

  • Ihadiwe entsha, njenge-AI chips, isiza amafoni ukuthi asebenze ngokushesha futhi asebenzise amandla amancane. Lokhu kwenza ibhethri lihlale isikhathi eside futhi ifoni isebenze kangcono.

  • Umklamo wamafoni e-AI usebenzisa izakhiwo ezincane nezihlakaniphile. Asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PCB obuthuthukisiwe ukwengeza izici ezengeziwe endaweni encane.

  • Ukukhiqiza okuqhutshwa yi-AI kusiza ukuhlola ikhwalithi kangcono. Kunciphisa amaphutha futhi kwenza amafoni athembeke kakhudlwana.

  • Esikhathini esizayo, amafoni e-AI azoba ahlakaniphe nakakhulu. Azoqonda ukuthi abasebenzisi bafunani futhi asebenze kangcono nakakhulu.

Yini Eyenza Amafoni E-AI Akhetheke

Izici eziqhutshwa yi-AI

Ungabona ngokushesha ukuthi amafoni e-AI ahlukile kumafoni avamile. Lawa amafoni anezinye eziningi izici ze-AI ezithuthukisiwe kunokuba nje abasizi bezwi. Uthola izinto ezifana nokuhumusha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlela izithombe okuhlakaniphile. Ziphinde zikunikeze iziphakamiso ezikufanele. Amafoni afana ne-Google Pixel 9 Pro XL kanye ne-Apple iPhone 16 Pro Max asebenzisa ama-chip akhethekile namamodeli olimi amancane. Lokhu kwenza izici zisebenze ngokushesha nangokufanele.

Nasi ithebula elibonisa indlela amafoni e-AI nama-smartphone avamile ahluke ngayo:

Isici/Ikhono

Amafoni e-AI

Ama-Smartphone Endabuko

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI

Amakhono e-AI okukhiqiza athuthukisiwe

Izici eziyisisekelo ze-AI (isb., abasizi bezwi)

Icubungula

Ukucutshungulwa kwe-AI kudivayisi ukuze kutholakale isivinini

Ngokuyinhloko ukucubungula okuncike efwini

Ukuhlela isithombe

Amathuluzi asebenzisa i-AI njenge-Magic Editor kanye ne-Best Take

Amathuluzi okuhlela izithombe ajwayelekile

Usizo Olubonakalayo

Ukufingqa kwe-AI okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokulungiswa kwemiyalezo

Abasizi bezwi abayisisekelo

uMhloli

Ukuhumusha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nemiyalelo yezwi ethuthukisiwe

Izici zokufinyeleleka okulinganiselwe

Uthola usizo ku-Google Assistant ukuze uthole usesho oluhlakaniphile namathiphu. I-Samsung Galaxy AI ne-Bixby zikusiza ukuthi wenze imisebenzi futhi zenze ifoni yakho izwakale sengathi iyimfihlo. Ukuhumusha kwe-ai kwesikhathi sangempela kukuvumela ukuthi ukhulume nabantu ngezinye izilimi ngokushesha. Lawa mathuluzi asebenza efonini yakho, ngakho ulwazi lwakho luhlala luphephile.

I-Hardware Innovations

Izingxenye ezingaphakathi kwamafoni e-AI zizenza zivelele. Izinkampani zisebenza ekwakhiweni kwama-chip amasha kanye nezingxenye ezingcono zemisebenzi ye-AI. I-Apple yenze i-chip ye-A17 Bionic, eyenza i-Siri isheshe futhi yengeze umbhalo obukhoma. I-Samsung yenze i-Samsung Gauss, imodeli enkulu yolimi edala umbhalo, ikhodi, nezithombe.

I-OpenAI iqede ama-prototype ayo okuqala e-hardware nenhloko yokuklama ye-Apple uJony Ive. Bafuna ukwenza idivayisi ezwakala ihluke kakhulu kumafoni anamuhla.

Ama-chip manje acubungula ulwazi ngezindlela ezintsha. Ama-chip e-Ai asebenzisa ukucubungula okuhambisanayo, ngakho-ke enza izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kwenza ifoni yakho isheshe futhi konge ibhethri. Nasi ithebula elibonisa umehluko:

Isici

Ama-AI Chips

Ama-Chips Avamile

Indlela yokucubungula

Ukucubungula okufanayo kwezibalo eziningi

Ukucubungula ngokulandelana, okukodwa ngesikhathi

Energy Efficiency

Isebenzisa amandla amaningi, ilungiselelwe imisebenzi ye-AI

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungekuhle, okuphezulu

Ukunemba

Ukunemba okuphezulu emisebenzini ye-AI

Ukunemba okuphansi kwemisebenzi ehlobene ne-AI

Uhlelo lokusebenza kumadivayisi

Kubalulekile kumafoni e-AI ukucubungula idatha endaweni

Amakhono e-AI alinganiselwe kumadivayisi

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha nazo zishintsha indlela osebenzisa ngayo ifoni yakho. Akudingeki uvule, uthephe, noma ulinde izinhlelo zokusebenza. Amafoni e-Ai aqagela ukuthi yini oyidingayo futhi akubonise yona. U-Elon Musk uthi, “Ngeke kube khona izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngeke kube khona izinhlelo zokusebenza esikhathini esizayo.” Ucingo lwakho luzokwazi ukuthi yini oyifunayo.

Amafoni e-Ai asebenzisa okusha hardware kanye nesofthiwe ukukunikeza ulwazi olungcono. Indlela ezenziwe ngayo manje igxile ku-ai, ngakho-ke ukuzenza kuyashesha futhi kuhlakaniphe.

Inqubo Yokuklama Amafoni E-AI

Inqubo Yokuklama Amafoni E-AI
Umthombo wesithombe: chaphaza

Umklamo wehadiwe kanye ne-PCB

Uma wenza amafoni e-ai, uqala ngehadiwe. Ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, noma i-PCB, libaluleke kakhulu. Lixhumanisa zonke izingxenye ezisiza ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuthi busebenze. Izingcezu eziningi kumele zingene endaweni encane. Ukwenza izinto zibe zincane kubalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe be-High-Density Interconnect, noma i-HDI, busebenzisa imigqa emincane nezimbobo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wengeze izici eziningi ngaphandle kokwenza ifoni ibe nkulu.

Imiklamo ye-PCB eguquguqukayo neqinile iyasiza ekongeni isikhala. Iphinde ikuvumele ukuthi wenze izimo ezintsha. I-Ultra-HDI ngezinqubo ezingeziwe kancane yenza izinto zisheshe. Zisiza ama-accelerator e-ai kanye namamojula e-edge-compute ukuthi asebenze kangcono. Kufanele ucabange ngokushisa namasignali. Uma kungenjalo, ifoni ingashisa kakhulu noma yehlise ijubane.

Nazi ezinye izindlela ukwakheka kwe-PCB okusiza ngazo izici ze-AI:

  • Umklamo we-PCB uhlanganisa izingxenye ezibalulekile zezinhlelo ze-AI.

  • Kwenza ukwakheka kube ngcono kwemisebenzi ye-ai.

  • Ixazulula izinkinga ngokushisa kanye nezimpawu.

Ama-PCB e-HDI asetshenziswa kumaseva e-AI. Axhuma ama-CPU nama-GPU ezindaweni ezincane. Ubuchwepheshe be-5G busebenzisa amabhodi e-HDI kuma-chip amakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bezempilo obugqokwayo busebenzisa ama-PCB aguquguqukayo ukuze kube lula ukuhlola. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zokwenza izinto zisiza ekwakheni amafoni ahlakaniphile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweSoftware ne-AI

Kudingeka isofthiwe enamandla ukuze amafoni e-AI asebenze kahle. Ukufunda komshini kanye namanethiwekhi e-neural kufakwa ohlelweni lokusebenza. Lawa mathuluzi asiza ifoni yakho ukuthi ifunde futhi ibe ngcono. Amanethiwekhi e-neural asebenza njengobuchopho bomuntu. Asiza ngezinto ezifana nokubona izithombe nokuzwa inkulumo.

Nasi ithebula elibonisa ukuthi i-ai isebenza kanjani ezinhlelweni zeselula:

Isici

Incazelo

Ama-algorithms wokufunda ngomshini

Ama-algorithm avumela ama-smartphone ukuthi afunde kudatha futhi athuthukise ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Amanethiwekhi eNeural

Amamodeli ekhompyutha alingisa ubuchopho bomuntu, asetshenziselwa imisebenzi efana nokubona izithombe nokukhuluma.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kuyo Yonke I-OS

I-AI ifakiwe ohlelweni lokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo yonke.

Izibonelo

Ubuhlakani be-Android i-Gemini kanye ne-Apple iOS yizibonelo ezihamba phambili zokuhlanganiswa kwe-AI kumaselula.

Izinselele

Izinkinga ezifana nobumfihlo bedatha, ukubandlulula kwe-algorithm, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuvela ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-AI.

Amathrendi Akusasa

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, amakhono e-AI kuma-smartphone azoqhubeka nokukhula, eveza izinselele namathuba amasha.

Ukwengeza i-ai kuhadiwe yeselula kuletha izinkinga eziningi. Kumelwe ugcine idatha yomsebenzisi iphephile futhi ulandele imithetho yobumfihlo. Udinga amakhono akhethekile namathuluzi, okungabiza imali eningi. Ama-algorithm e-hard ai adinga idatha eningi enhle. Kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi i-ai isebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindala. Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu abazethembi izici ze-ai. Kudingeka wenze izixhumi ezisebenziseka kalula futhi uchaze ukuthi i-ai isisiza kanjani.

Uma uhlela futhi uhlola amafoni e-AI, usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene:

  • I-scaffolding ye-AI inikeza ukusethwa kwekhodi eyisisekelo yezinhlelo zokusebenza.

  • Ukugeleza komsebenzi okusheshayo kuya ku-UI kukuvumela ukuthi wenze ama-prototypes ngamagama.

  • Umklamo ophindaphindayo uyakusiza ukuthi uthole impendulo futhi wenze izinguquko ngokushesha.

Udlula ezinyathelweni ezibalulekile enkambisweni yokuklama. Nansi ithebula elibonisa lezi zinyathelo:

Stage

Incazelo

Ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa

Uqoqa futhi ubheke idatha ukuze wazi ukuthi abasebenzisi badingani. I-AI iyasiza ngezinto ezifana nokubhala phansi izingxoxo kanye nokuhlola eminye imikhiqizo.

Ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemodeli

Usetha amathuluzi e-AI anedatha efanele yabasebenzisi kanye nezimakethe. Uzama izinto ukuze wenze i-AI isebenze kangcono.

Imibono kanye ne-prototyping eqhutshwa yi-AI

Usebenzisa i-AI ukwenza imibono yokuqala yokuklama kanye nama-wireframe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhlole imibono ngokushesha, uze uguqule imidwebo ibe yimiklamo yedijithali.

Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa

Usebenzisa i-AI ekuhlolweni kwe-A/B ukuze uqhathanise imiklamo futhi uyenze ibe ngcono kubasebenzisi. Uqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angayisebenzisa ifoni.

Okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi

Ungabona ukuthi amafoni e-AI ahlukile uma uwasebenzisa. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa benza ifoni yakho ihlakaniphe futhi ibe ngeyomuntu siqu. Ikhamera ishintsha izilungiselelo zezindawo ezahlukene. Uthola izithombe ezingcono ngaphandle kokwenza lutho. Isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi siyashintsha ukuze sihambisane nendlela osebenzisa ngayo ifoni yakho. Kuba lula ukuyisebenzisa nokuhambahamba.

I-AI iyasiza futhi ngempilo yebhethri kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Ungenza izinto eziningi noma udlale imidlalo ngaphandle kokulibala. Ifoni yakho iphakamisa izinto futhi iqagele ukuthi ufunani ngokulandelayo. Lokhu kwenza ukusebenzisa ifoni yakho kube lula futhi kube mnandi.

Abantu bathi bathanda izici ze-ai ezilula neziwusizo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zempilo yengqondo zedijithali zinikeza ubumfihlo futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Abasebenzisi bathi ukuba lula nokuba wusizo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukubuyekezwa kusiza abaklami ukulungisa izinkinga nokwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zibe ngcono. Ngezinye izikhathi, izici ezintsha ze-ai kunzima ukuzisebenzisa. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezempilo zenza kube nzima ukuthatha izithombe ezinhle ukuze zihlolwe. Lezi zinkinga zibonisa ukuthi kufanele uqhubeke nokwenza umklamo ube ngcono.

Uyabona ukuthi amaqembu asebenza ndawonye ukuze enze ulwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi. Asebenzisa i-ai ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa izici. Lokhu kukusiza ukuthi uthole ifoni efanelana nawe futhi ezwakala ikhethekile.

I-AI Kwezokukhiqiza

I-AI Kwezokukhiqiza
Umthombo wesithombe: chaphaza

Izinto Zokusebenza Nokuhlanganiswa

Kunezinguquko ezinkulu endleleni okwenziwa ngayo amafoni e-ai. Izinkampani zisebenzisa izinto ezintsha ezisiza ngokushisa namandla. Lezi zinto zisiza ama-chips nama-sensor ukuthi asebenze kahle. Amasekethe aguquguqukayo nezinsimbi eziqinile zigcina amafoni ekhanya futhi eqinile. Amarobhothi nemishini ehlakaniphile kuhlanganisa izingxenye ndawonye ngokucophelela okukhulu. Lokhu kwenza amaphutha ambalwa futhi kwakha amafoni ngokushesha. Amafoni ahlala isikhathi eside futhi asebenza kangcono ngenxa yalezi zinguquko.

I-AI-Optimized Production

Imigqa yokukhiqiza eyenziwe ngcono nge-AI ishintsha indlela amafektri enza ngayo amafoni. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Samsung ne-NVIDIA zisebenzisa lokhu ukuthuthukisa isinyathelo ngasinye. Nazi ezinye izindlela ukukhiqiza okuqhutshwa yi-ai okusiza ngazo:

  • Ukulungisa okubikezelayo kuhlola imishini ngaphambi kokuba iphuke, ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka.

  • Izinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi zisebenzisa amakhamera nezinzwa ukuze zithole amaphutha ngokushesha.

  • Ukubikezela izidingo kusebenzisa idatha yokuthengisa ukuhlela ukuthi zingaki amafoni okufanele akhiqizwe.

  • Ukuhlela ukukhiqiza kulungiselela imisebenzi yokonga isikhathi nokunciphisa imfucuza.

  • Ukuphathwa kwamandla kuthola izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla amancane nokunciphisa izindleko.

  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-supply chain kusiza ukuhambisa izingxenye nemikhiqizo ngokushesha nangokuphephile.

I-Samsung ne-NVIDIA zisebenzisa ama-GPU kanye nesofthiwe ekhethekile ukuze kube ngcono umklamo wesifunda. I-NVIDIA Omniverse yenza amafektri amabili edijithali ukuze ihlole izinguquko kuqala. Ifektri ye-AI ye-Samsung isebenzisa izinkulungwane zama-GPU ukuze ilungise izibikezelo. Lokhu kwenza ukukhiqizwa kusheshe futhi konge imali.

Ikhwalithi yokulawula

Ufuna ifoni yakho ye-AI isebenze kahle njalo. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqhutshwa yi-AI kuhlola ifoni ngayinye ukuthola izinkinga. Ukufunda komshini kuthola amaphutha amancane abantu abangase bangaboni. Umbono wekhompyutha ubheka yonke ingxenye, kusukela kuma-chips kuya kufoni yonke. I-AI ingathola izinkinga zokunamathisela kumabhodi wesekethe ngokunemba okungu-99%. Imibiko ithi lezi zinhlelo zithola amaphutha afinyelela ku-50%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uthola amafoni angcono anezinkinga ezimbalwa. Izinkampani zigcina imali futhi zigcina amakhasimende ejabule.

Ithiphu: Ukukhiqiza okuqhutshwa yi-AI kusiza izinkampani ukuthi zihlale ziphambili emakethe eshintsha ngokushesha. Abakhiqizi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-ai kuthuthukisa kokubili ukukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi.

Izinselele kanye Nezindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkinga Zobuchwepheshe Nezokuziphatha

Kuningi izinkinga ngamafoni e-AIEzinye izinkinga zimayelana nobuchwepheshe. Ukuqeqesha amamodeli amakhulu kubiza imali eningi nesikhathi. Ihadiwe yefoni ayinamandla ngokwanele ukufeza izidingo ezintsha ze-AI. Abaklami kumele benze izingxenye ezintsha ukuze zihambisane.

Izinkinga zokuziphatha nazo zibalulekile. I-AI iqoqa idatha yomsebenzisi kusuka kumafoni. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi yini ethathwayo noma ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ngezinye izikhathi, ama-algorithms awalungile ngenxa yedatha abayifundayo. Lokhu kungalimaza abanye abasebenzisi. Abantu bafuna ukwazi ukuthi i-AI yenza kanjani izinqumo futhi bafuna kube nobulungiswa.

Nazi ezinye zezinto ezikhathazayo eziphathelene nokuziphatha:

  • I-AI ithatha idatha yomsebenzisi ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bazi.

  • Ama-algorithm angaba angalungile ngenxa yedatha yokuqeqeshwa.

  • Abantu bafuna i-AI ibe sobala futhi ingabi nobulungiswa ekukhetheni.

Ukwenza amafoni e-AI kunzima ezimbonini. Ubuchwepheshe bushintsha ngokushesha kakhulu. Amafektri kumele asebenzise izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokwakha. Afuna ukwenza amafoni ngokushesha kodwa futhi awagcine esezingeni eliphezulu.

Qaphela: Kufanele uhlale ucabanga ngezinkinga zobuchwepheshe kanye nezokuziphatha uma usebenza namafoni e-AI.

Amasu Angaphambili

Kuza izinto eziningi ezintsha kumafoni e-AI. Ukwenziwa kwama-chip kushintsha ngokushesha. I-AI isiza ukuklama ama-chip ngokushesha futhi kangcono. Izinhlelo ze-AI zihlola amaphutha kuma-chip ngokunemba okukhulu. Izilawuli zesikhathi sangempela zisiza ukonga amandla futhi zenze umsebenzi usheshe. Izinkampani ezifana ne-TSMC ne-Intel zisebenzisa i-AI ukwenza amafoni amaningi nangcono.

I-Quantum computing isiqala ukusiza. Kungenza ukuqeqesha amamodeli amakhulu e-AI kube lula futhi kushibhile. Abenzi behadiwe basebenza emiklamo emisha ukuze badlule imikhawulo yakudala. Amafoni azoba ahlakaniphile, asebenzise amandla amancane, futhi asebenze ngokushesha.

Nazi ezinye izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo:

  • I-AI isiza ukuklama ama-chip ngokushesha.

  • Izinhlelo ze-AI zithola amaphutha amaningi kuma-chip.

  • Ukulawula kwesikhathi sangempela kwenza amafektri asebenze kangcono.

  • Ukubala kwe-Quantum kungashintsha indlela i-AI efunda ngayo.

  • Ihadiwe entsha izoqhubeka nokwenza amafoni abe ngcono.

Amafoni e-AI azohlakanipha futhi asebenze kangcono. Amafektri azosebenzisa amathuluzi nemibono emisha. Ukwenza amafoni kuzoshesha futhi kube lula njengoba ubuchwepheshe bukhula.

Ungaqaphela ukuthi i-ai iyashintsha indlela amafoni enziwa ngayo. Izici ezintsha kanye nehadiwe engcono kwenza ukusebenzisa amafoni kube kuhle. Amaqembu anezinkinga ezinzima, kodwa athola izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokuzilungisa. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, uzobona lezi zinguquko:

  • Amafoni azosebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwe-cross-app kanye nememori yedijithali.

  • Uzosebenzisa izinhlelo ezigxile ku-ejenti esikhundleni sezinhlelo zokusebenza kuphela.

  • Imakethe yomakhalekhukhwini ingase ifinyelele ku-$579 billion ngo-2026.

Lungela ikusasa lapho ifoni yakho iba hlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ikusize kakhulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini eyenza amafoni e-AI ahluke kumadivayisi ajwayelekile?

Amafoni e-AI anayo izici ezihlakaniphile. Bacubungula ulwazi ngqo ocingweni. Uthola izinto ezifana nokuhumusha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuhlela izithombe okuhlakaniphile. Amadivayisi avamile awanazo lezi zici ezithuthukisiwe.

I-AI iyithuthukisa kanjani imisebenzi yokukhiqiza amafoni?

Ukukhiqizwa kuyashesha futhi amaphutha mancane. I-AI ihlola imishini futhi ithole izinkinga kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kugcina amafektri esebenza kahle futhi kusiza ekwenzeni amafoni angcono.

Kungani i-AI ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza?

I-AI isiza ukulawula nokuqapha amafektri. Ithola amaphutha futhi yenza ikhwalithi ibe ngcono. Lokhu kuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zakhe amafoni ahlala isikhathi eside futhi asebenze kahle.

Ingabe amafoni e-AI angavikela ubumfihlo bakho?

Ungalawula idatha yakho kumafoni e-AI. Izici eziningi zisebenza ngaphandle kokuthumela ulwazi ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina imininingwane yakho yomuntu siqu iphephile.

Shiya amazwana

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe *