Isingeniso

Siyakwamukela kulesi sifundo esibanzi sokwakheka kwe-Altium Designer PCB. Lo mhlahlandlela unikeza imiyalelo ephelele yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokuguqula umklamo wakho oqediwe ube ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elinobungcweti, elilungele ukukhiqiza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uklama i-PCB yakho yokuqala noma uthuthukisa amakhono akho, lesi sifundo sihlanganisa zonke izigaba ezibalulekile ngezibonelo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo.

I-Altium Designer iyisofthiwe yokuklama i-PCB ejwayelekile embonini ethenjwe izinkulungwane zonjiniyela nezinkampani emhlabeni jikelele. Izici zayo ezinamandla zenza kube lula ukuklama okuphumelelayo kusukela kumabhodi alula anezingqimba ezimbili kuya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezingqimba eziningi. Lesi sifundo sigxile endleleni esebenzayo esebenzisa iphrojekthi yokulawula i-voltage yangempela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyaqonda kokubili izinqubo kanye nesizathu ngemuva kwesinqumo ngasinye.

Lokho Ozokufunda

Ngokuqedela lesi sifundo, uzokwazi kahle:

• Ukugeleza komsebenzi wokuhlelwa kwe-PCB okuphelele kusukela kumafayela ahleliwe kuya kokukhiqiza
• Ukungenisa ama-schematics kumhleli we-PCB kusetshenziswa ama-Engineering Change Orders (ECO)
• Ukubekwa kwengxenye yamasu ukuze kube nomzila ofanele kanye nobuqotho besignali
• Ukucushwa kwemithetho yokuklama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyakhiqizwa
• Amasu okuhambisa ngesandla nasebenzisanayo
• Ukudalwa kwendiza yomhlabathi kanye nokuphathwa kokuthululwa kwethusi
• Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Design Rule Check (DRC) kanye nokulungiswa kokwephulwa komthetho
• Ukuboniswa kwe-3D kanye nokulungiswa kwefayela lokugcina lokukhiqiza

Okudingekayo

Ngaphambi kokuqala lesi sifundo, qiniseka ukuthi unalokhu:

• I-Altium Designer ifakiwe (kunconywa inguqulo 20 noma kamuva)
• Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwezinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi kanye nezimpawu zezingxenye
• Umklamo ohleliwe ophelele olungele ukwakheka kwe-PCB
• Ukujwayelana ne-interface ye-Altium Designer (kuyasiza kodwa akudingeki)
• Imininingwane yomklamo womkhiqizi we-PCB (ububanzi bomkhondo, ukuvuleka, ngosayizi)

Ukubuka Konke Kwephrojekthi Yesampula

Lesi sifundo sisebenzisa isibonelo esisebenzayo: isekethe yokulawula i-voltage ye-LM7805 elula kodwa ephelele. Le phrojekthi ikhombisa yonke imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuhlelwa kwe-PCB ngenkathi ihlala ifinyeleleka kwabaqalayo. Isekethe iguqula i-voltage ephezulu ye-DC (7-35V) ibe umphumela ozinzile we-5V, okuyisidingo esivamile kumaphrojekthi amaningi e-elekthronikhi. Futhi umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo wokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani futhi usebenzise kanjani isofthiwe ye-Altium Designer uchazwe kabanzi. Kuxoxwa ngemisebenzi nezici ezahlukene.

Imininingwane yephrojekthi:

• Isekethe: Umlawuli we-voltage oqondile we-LM7805 onokuhlunga kokufaka/kokukhipha
• Izingxenye: Cishe izingxenye eziyi-10-15 kufaka phakathi i-IC, ama-capacitor, ama-resistors, ama-LED
• Usayizi Webhodi: 50mm × 40mm (umklamo omncane ofanele ukwenziwa nge-prototyping)
• Inani Lezendlalelo: Umklamo onezendlalelo ezimbili (Izendlalelo zethusi eziphezulu nezingezansi)
• Ubunzima: Bulungele abasaqalayo ngenkathi ubonisa amasu ochwepheshe

Ukudala Idokhumenti Entsha ye-PCB

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB ukudala idokhumenti entsha ye-PCB ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi yakho ekhona ye-Altium Designer. Le dokhumenti ye-PCB izoxhunyaniswa ne-schematic yakho, okuvumela ukuvumelanisa okuzenzakalelayo kwezingxenye nokuxhumeka ngohlelo lwe-Engineering Change Order. Iphrojekthi entsha ingadalwa ngaphakathi kwe-Altium Designer kusetshenziswa ibhokisi lengxoxo le-Create Project (Ifayela » Iphrojekthi Entsha »).

Ukwengeza i-PCB kuphrojekthi ekhona

Kuphaneli yamaphrojekthi (ngokuvamile etholakala ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-Altium), uzobona isakhiwo sephrojekthi yakho kufaka phakathi ifayela leskimu. Ukuze ungeze idokhumenti entsha ye-PCB, chofoza kwesokudla egameni lephrojekthi yakho phezulu kwephaneli. Kusukela kumenyu yokuqukethwe evelayo, zulazula uye ku-'Engeza Okusha kuphrojekthi' bese ukhetha 'i-PCB'. I-Altium izodala idokhumenti yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elingenalutho bese ilifaka esakhiweni sephrojekthi yakho.

Londoloza ngokushesha leli fayela elisha le-PCB elinegama elichazayo elihambisana nephrojekthi yakho. Isibonelo, uma iphrojekthi yakho 'i-Voltage_Regulator', qamba ifayela le-PCB ngokuthi 'i-Voltage_Regulator_PCB.PcbDoc'. Ligcine kufolda efanayo ne-schematic yakho ukuze ugcine amafayela ephrojekthi ehlelekile. Lo mkhuba wokuqamba amagama usiza ukugcina ukucaca lapho uphatha amafayela amaningi okuklama.

Ukuqonda i-PCB Editor Interface

Uma umhleli we-PCB eqala, uzobona indawo emnyama yokusebenza (umbala wangemuva ozenzakalelayo, ongalungiselelwa kuzintandokazi). I-interface inezinto eziningana ezibalulekile: indawo yokusebenza eyinhloko maphakathi lapho uzoklama khona i-PCB yakho, iphaneli yamaphrojekthi ngakwesobunxele ekhombisa isakhiwo sephrojekthi yakho, iphaneli ye-PCB (ngokuvamile ngakwesokudla) enikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo ezingqimbeni nasezintweni, iphaneli ye-Properties yokubuka nokuhlela izakhiwo zezinto, kanye nephaneli ye-Messages ezansi yokubonisa izexwayiso namaphutha.

Ibha yamathuluzi phezulu iqukethe imiyalo evame ukusetshenziswa yokubeka, ukuhambisa, nokubuka. Zijwayeze namathebhu wezendlalelo ezansi kwendawo yokusebenza. Lokhu kuvumela ukushintsha okusheshayo phakathi kwezendlalelo zethusi, isikrini se-silkscreen, imaski ye-solder, kanye nezinye izendlalelo zebhodi lesifunda eziphrintiwe. Ibha yesimo ezansi ibonisa izixhumanisi zesikhombisi kanye nesendlalelo esisebenzayo samanje, ulwazi olubalulekile ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokubeka.

Ukungenisa i-Schematic ku-PCB Layout

Uhlelo lwe-Engineering Change Order (ECO) ku-Altium Designer luqinisekisa ukuvumelanisa okunembile phakathi kwe-schematic yakho ne-PCB. Le nqubo iguqula zonke izingxenye, ukuxhumana (amanethi), imithetho yokuklama, kanye nolunye ulwazi lwe-schematic endaweni ye-PCB, igcina ubuqotho bokuklama kuyo yonke iphrojekthi.

Umklamo → Ngenisa Izinguquko Ezivela Ku-Schematic

Uma idokhumenti yakho ye-PCB isebenza (chofoza kuthebhu yayo uma amadokhumenti amaningi evuliwe), hamba uye kumenyu ethi Design kubha yemenyu ephezulu. Khetha 'Ngenisa Izinguquko kusuka ku-[YourProjectName].PrjPcb'. Igama lephrojekthi lizohambisana nephrojekthi yakho yangempela. Lesi senzo siqala inqubo ye-ECO, siqhathanisa i-schematic yakho nesimo samanje se-PCB futhi sithole ukuthi yini okudingeka ifakwe, isuswe, noma ilungiswe.

Ibhokisi lengxoxo le-Engineering Change Order lizovela, libonise uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izinguquko ezizosetshenziswa kwi-PCB yakho. Lesi yisigaba esibalulekile sokubuyekeza - zinike isikhathi sokuqonda ukuthi yini i-Altium eyitholile ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwenza.

Ukubukeza i-oda lokushintsha kobunjiniyela (i-ECO)

Ibhokisi lengxoxo le-ECO libonisa izinguquko ngefomethi ehlelekile. Isigaba esithi 'Engeza Ingxenye' sibala yonke ingxenye evela ku-schematic yakho ezongezwa ku-PCB - qinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingxenye ezilindelekile zikhona (ama-IC, ama-resistor, ama-capacitor, izixhumi, njll.). Hlola abaklami bezingxenye (U1, R1, C1, njll.) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olulahlekile.

Isigaba esithi 'Engeza i-Net' sibonisa konke ukuxhumana kukagesi okuvela ku-schematic yakho. Igama ngalinye le-net lihambisana nokuxhumana kusekethe yakho (i-VCC, i-GND, amagama esignali, njll.). Izexwayiso zivela ngombala ophuzi - lezi zivame ukukhombisa izinkinga ezincane njengezikhonkwane ezingaxhunywanga. Amaphutha avela ngombala obomvu futhi kumele axazululwe ngaphambi kokuqhubeka. Izexwayiso ezivamile zifaka phakathi izikhonkwane zamandla ezingaxhunywanga kuma-IC, okungenzeka kube ngenhloso ekwakhiweni kwakho.

Ngaphambi kokwenza izinguquko, chofoza inkinobho ethi 'Qinisekisa Izinguquko' phansi kwebhokisi lengxoxo. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwanoma yiziphi izinkinga ezingavimbela ukungenisa okuphumelelayo. Izimpawu zokuhlola eziluhlaza zibonisa ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kudlulile. Uma kuvela amaphutha, buyela kuhlelo lwakho ukuze ulungise izinkinga, bese uqala kabusha inqubo yokungenisa.

Ukwenza Izinguquko

Uma ukuqinisekiswa kudlule ngempumelelo, chofoza inkinobho ethi 'Yenza Izinguquko'. I-Altium icubungula ushintsho ngalunye, ingeza izingxenye kanye namanethi ku-PCB yakho. Uzobona izinkomba zenqubekela phambili njengoba ukungenisa kuqedwa. Uma sekuqediwe, zonke izingxenye ezivela ku-schematic yakho zivela endaweni yokusebenza ye-PCB, ekuqaleni zihlanganiswe ndawonye ngohlaka oluyindilinga olubizwa ngokuthi 'Igumbi'.

Imigqa emincane emhlophe noma empunga exhumanisa ama-component pad iyabonakala, imelela ukuxhumana kukagesi okuvela ku-schematic yakho. Le migqa ikhombisa ukuthi yimaphi ama-pad adinga ukuxhunywa ngemikhondo yethusi ngesikhathi sokuhambisa. I-ratsnest isebenza njengesiqondiso esibonakalayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokubeka, iyanyamalala njengoba uqedela ukuxhumana ngakunye.

Ukuma Kwebhodi Nokucushwa

Ukuchaza uhlaka lwebhodi elingokoqobo kanye nokulungiselela amapharamitha ebhodi ayisisekelo kusungula isisekelo sesakhiwo se-PCB yakho. Isimo sebhodi sinquma imingcele ebonakalayo lapho zonke izingxenye kanye nomzila kufanele kulingane khona, kuyilapho izakhiwo zebhodi zithinta ukwenzeka kokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kukagesi.

Uhlaka Lwebhodi Elichazayo

Uhlaka lwebhodi luchaza ukuma nosayizi we-PCB yakho eqediwe. Kulesi sifundo, sizokwakha ibhodi elilula elingunxande elilinganisa u-50mm × 40mm. Zulazulela kumenyu ethi Design bese ukhetha 'I-Board Shape', bese 'Define from selected objects'. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ungadweba uhlaka ngesandla usebenzisa i-Place → Line, uqinisekise ukuthi ukhetha i-Board Layer (ebizwa nangokuthi i-Keep-Out Layer) kusuka ku-layer dropdown.

Ukuze udwebe ngesandla uhlaka oluyindilinga, chofoza ekhoneni lokuqala lesimo sebhodi olifunayo, uye ekhoneni lesibili bese uchofoza, bese uqhubeka uzungeze unxande, uchofoza kabili ekhoneni lokugcina ukuze uvale isimo. I-Altium ibona lo mngcele ovaliwe njengomphetho webhodi lakho. Uhlaka luvela njengomugqa obanzi onokubukeka okukhethekile, okungafani nemigqa ejwayelekile. Lo mngcele udala indawo yokugcina evimbela izingxenye kanye nemigqa ukuthi ibekwe ngaphandle kwendawo yebhodi.

Ukusethwa Kwebhodi Nezakhiwo

Finyelela ukucushwa kwebhodi okunembile ngokusebenzisa i-Design → Izinketho zeBhodi. Le ngxoxo inikeza ukulawula okuphelele kobukhulu bebhodi, izilungiselelo zegridi, kanye nezintandokazi zokubonisa. Setha ubukhulu bebhodi ngokunembile uma udwebe uhlaka ngesandla noma udinga ukulungisa uhlaka olukhona. Kuphrojekthi yethu, qiniseka ukuthi ubukhulu bungu-50mm ububanzi × 40mm ukuphakama.

Izilungiselelo zegridi zithinta kakhulu ukubekwa kanye nokusebenza kahle komzila. Igridi enconyiwe yomsebenzi we-PCB ojwayelekile ingu-25 mil (0.635mm) noma u-50 mil (1.27mm). Amaphedi ezingxenye ngokuvamile atholakala ezikhungweni ezingama-50 mil noma eziyi-100 mil, ngakho-ke ukusebenzisa amanani egridi ahambisanayo kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okulula. Setha amayunithi owathandayo (amamilimitha) ngokusekelwe kulabhulali yakho yezingxenye kanye nokukhetha kwakho. Imiklamo eminingi yesimanje isebenzisa usayizi we-metric (mm).

Nika amandla 'Qondanisa kuGridi' ukwenza ukubekwa kwezingxenye kanye nokuqondisa kulawulwe futhi kube nobungcweti. Ungaguqula okwesikhashana ukuxhunywa kwegridi ngokubamba ukhiye we-Ctrl ngenkathi ubeka noma uhambisa izinto lapho kudingeka ukubeka kahle.

Umphathi Wezingqimba Zezingqimba

I-layer stackup ichaza ukwakheka okungokoqobo kwe-PCB yakho, okuhlanganisa inani lezendlalelo zethusi, ukujiya kwazo, kanye nezinto ezivikelayo ze-dielectric phakathi kwazo. Finyelela lokhu kulungiselelwa okubalulekile nge-Design → Layer Stack Manager. Kwibhodi lethu elinezendlalelo ezimbili, i-stackup iqukethe ungqimba lwethusi oluphezulu, izinto eziyinhloko ze-dielectric (ngokuvamile i-FR-4 fiberglass), kanye nongqimba lwethusi oluphansi.

Setha ukujiya kwethusi kube yi-1 oz (35 micrometers), okuyinto ejwayelekile kubakhiqizi abaningi be-PCB futhi inikeza amandla amahle okuthwala ugesi kumasekethe ajwayelekile. Ukujiya kwe-dielectric kwebhodi elinezingqimba ezimbili ngokuvamile kungu-1.6mm ukujiya kwebhodi iyonke, kanti i-FR-4 core yakha ingxenye enkulu yalolu bukhulu. Izinto ze-FR-4 zine-dielectric constant (Er) engaba ngu-4.5 ku-1 MHz, ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemvamisa ephezulu kodwa engabalulekile kakhulu kumlawuli wethu we-voltage.

Buyekeza imininingwane yomkhiqizi we-PCB yakho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-stackup yakho ihambisana namakhono abo. Abanye abakhiqizi banesisindo sethusi esincane (esincane kune-1 oz) noma ubukhulu obukhulu abangabukhiqiza ngokuthembekile. Ukulungisa i-stackup yakho ngendlela efanele kusukela ekuqaleni kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kabusha okubizayo kamuva.

Ukusetha Imithetho Yokuklama

Imithetho yokuklama iyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB kanye nokusebenza kukagesi. Le mithetho ichaza imingcele yobubanzi bokulandelela, ukuvuleka phakathi kwezinto, ngobukhulu, kanye neminye imingcele ebalulekile. Ukucushwa okufanele komthetho wokuklama kugwema izinkinga zokukhiqiza futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi lakho lingakhiqizwa ngokuthembekile. Uhlelo lomthetho wokuklama lwe-Altium lusebenzisa uhlu lwezinto ezibalulekile imithetho ethile ecacile idlula imithetho ejwayelekile lapho kuvela izingxabano.

Ingxoxo Yemithetho Yokuklama Yokuvula

Finyelela uhlelo oluphelele lwemithetho yokuklama ngokusebenzisa Umklamo → Imithetho. Ingxoxo yeMithetho Yokuklama iyavula, ibonisa izigaba zomthetho esakhiweni sesihlahla ngakwesobunxele. Izigaba zifaka phakathi u-Electrical (wobuqotho besignali), u-Routing (wokulandela umkhondo nama-via), u-Manufacturing (wokukhawulelwa kokwenziwa), i-High Speed ​​(yokulawula i-impedance), i-Placement (yokuhlukanisa izingxenye), kanye no-Signal Integrity (wokulingisa okuthuthukisiwe).

Umthetho ngamunye unenani elibalulekile – imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ithatha indawo yokuqala lapho imithetho eminingi ingasebenza entweni efanayo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kukuvumela ukuthi usethe okuzenzakalelayo okuvamile (okubaluleke kakhulu) kanye nokuhlukile okuthile (okubaluleke kakhulu) kwamanethi noma amakilasi ezingxenye.

Imithetho Ebalulekile Yokucushwa

Imithetho eminingana idinga ukucushwa ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi wokwakha. Imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ithinta ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuphepha kukagesi. Umkhiqizi ngamunye we-PCB ushicilela amakhono okuklama - sebenzisa lezi zincazelo ukusetha imithetho yakho ngendlela efanele.

A. Umkhawulo Wokuvunyelwa Kwemali

I-Clearance ichaza isikhala esincane phakathi kwezinto zethusi – ama-trace, ama-pad, ama-polygons, njll. Zulazulela ku-Routing → I-Clearance esihlahleni semithetho. Setha inani elincane le-clearance ngokusekelwe emandleni omenzi wakho, ngokuvamile i-0.2mm (8 mil) yokwenziwa okujwayelekile noma i-0.15mm (6 mil) yezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe. Lokhu clearance kuvimbela ama-short kagesi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusebenza.

Cabanga ngokudala imithetho yokuhlukanisa ehlukene yamazinga ahlukene e-voltage. Amasekethe ane-voltage ephezulu (ngaphezu kwama-50V) adinga ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu ukuze avimbele ukugoba. Ungadala imithetho ethile ye-net ngokuchaza amakilasi ane-net (isb., 'Ama-Power Nets' kufaka phakathi i-VCC ne-VIN) bese usebenzisa amanani ahlukene okuhlukanisa kulawa makilasi. Kumlawuli wethu we-5V, ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwanele kuwo wonke amanethi.

B. Ububanzi Bomkhawulo

Imithetho yobubanzi bokulandelela ichaza ubukhulu obamukelekayo bokulandelela umzila. Zulazulela ku-Routing → Ububanzi. Ukuze uthole ukulandelwa kwesignali, setha ububanzi obuncane bube ngu-0.15mm (6 mil), ububanzi obukhethwayo bube ngu-0.25mm (10 mil), kanye nobubanzi obuphezulu bube ngu-2mm. Ububanzi obukhethwayo yilokho i-Altium ekusebenzisayo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngesikhathi sokulandelela okusebenzisanayo - ukukhetha u-0.25mm kunikeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi komthamo wokuthwala ugesi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesikhala.

Ama-trace anamandla adinga ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile. Dala umthetho wobubanzi obuhlukile bamanethi kagesi (i-VCC, i-VIN, i-VOUT, i-GND uma ungasebenzisi ithusi elithululwayo). Setha ubuncane obungu-0.5mm, okuthandwa kakhulu kube ngu-0.8mm kuya ku-1mm, kanye nobukhulu obungu-2mm noma ngaphezulu. Ama-trace abanzi anciphisa ukumelana nokwehla kwamandla kagesi, okubalulekile ekusabalaleni kwamandla. Ukubala ububanzi be-trace obudingekayo ngokusekelwe kumandla alindelekile kusetshenziswa amazinga e-IPC-2221 noma ama-calculator e-trace ububanzi aku-inthanethi.

C. Umzila Ngesitayela

Ama-Vias axhumanisa imikhondo phakathi kwezingqimba zethusi ezahlukene. Zulazulela ku-Routing → Routing Via Style ukuze ulungiselele ngamapharamitha. Setha ngobubanzi (iphedi yethusi elizungeze umgodi) ibe ngu-0.6mm kanye nosayizi wembobo (umgodi obhoboziwe ebhodini) ibe ngu-0.3mm. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kunikeza indandatho engu-0.15mm (ithusi elisele elizungeze umgodi ngemva kokubhoboza), ehlangabezana nezimfuneko eziningi zomkhiqizi.

Ama-vias amakhulu (ububanzi obungu-0.8mm / umgodi ongu-0.4mm) anikeza ukuthembeka okungcono kanye nomthamo wokuthwala ugesi kodwa asebenzisa isikhala esiningi samabhodi. Ama-vias amancane (ububanzi obungu-0.4mm / umgodi ongu-0.2mm) asindisa isikhala kodwa angase abangele izindleko ezengeziwe zokukhiqiza. Ebhodini lethu elilula elinezingqimba ezimbili, ama-vias angu-0.6mm/0.3mm anikeza ibhalansi enhle kakhulu.

D. Imithetho Yokukhiqiza

Imithetho yokukhiqiza iqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo wakho ungakhiwa ngendlela ethembekile. Setha indandatho encane engu-Annular ibe ngu-0.15mm (Ukukhiqiza → Indandatho Encane Ehlanganisiwe)Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ithusi elanele lihlala eduze kwemigodi ebholiwe ngemva kokubekezelelana kokukhiqiza. Lungiselela imikhawulo yobukhulu bemigodi (Ukukhiqiza → Usayizi Wembobo) okungenani u-0.2mm kanye no-6mm ophezulu ukuze uvumelane namakhono ajwayelekile okubhoboza ama-bit.

Setha imbobo ibe yimbobo evulekile (Ukukhiqiza → Ukususwa Kwembobo Kuya Kumbobo) okungenani kufike ku-0.5mm. Lesi sikhala sivimbela ukuphuka kwe-drill bit ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza futhi siqinisekisa amandla anele ebhodi. Njalo bheka imininingwane yomklamo womkhiqizi we-PCB oyikhethile bese ubeka imithetho ehambisana noma edlula izidingo zayo.

Isu Lokubeka Ingxenye

Ukubekwa kwezingxenye kungenye yezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zomklamo webhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Ukubekwa kabi kuthinta ukuhanjiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza okunzima noma okungenakwenzeka futhi kungabangela izinkinga zobuqotho besignali, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, kanye nezinkinga zokushisa. Ukubekwa kahle kwenza ukuhanjiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kube lula futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwebhodi. Zinike isikhathi sokuhlela ukubekwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuqala noma yikuphi ukuhanjiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Lokhu kulula kakhulu ukuhambisa izingxenye manje kunangemva kokuqala kokuhanjiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Izingxenye Zokuhlela (Igumbi)

Ngemva kokungenisa kusuka ku-schematic, zonke izingxenye zibonakala zibekwe ndawonye kuhlaka lwe-'Room' oluyindilinga. Shintshela kumodi ye-2D Layout uma ingakasebenzi kakade (Buka → Shintshela ku-2D Layout noma cindezela inkinobho ethi '2'). Isici segumbi sigcina izingxenye ezingenisiwe zihlangene ekuqaleni. Ukuze uqale ukubekwa, kuzodingeka usakaze izingxenye ukuze kube lula ukuzifinyelela.

Sebenzisa Amathuluzi → Ukubekwa Kwezingxenye → Hlela Izingxenye zokusabalalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izingxenye kuyo yonke indawo yokusebenza. I-Altium isabalalisa izingxenye ngephethini yegridi ngaphandle kohlaka lwebhodi lakho. Lokhu kukunikeza ukubonakala okucacile kwazo zonke izingxenye futhi kwenza kube lula ukubamba nokubeka ingxenye ngayinye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, khipha izingxenye ngesandla uphume eGumbini ngayinye ngayinye.

Izingxenye Ezihambayo Nezijikelezayo

Ukuze uhambise ingxenye, mane uchofoze kuyo bese uyihudula uye endaweni oyifunayo. Izingxenye ziyaxhuma kugridi ngokuzenzakalelayo, okwenza kube lula ukuqondanisa. Ngesikhathi uhudula ingxenye, cindezela Ibha yesikhala ukuyizungezisa ngezinyuko zamadigri angu-90Qhubeka ucindezela i-SPACE kuze kube yilapho ukuqondiswa kwengxenye kufanelana nezidingo zakho. Izingxenye eziningi ezingunxande njenge-IC kufanele zihambisane nemiphetho yebhodi, kuyilapho izingxenye ezifana nama-capacitor zingase zijikeleziswe ukuze kulungiselelwe umzila.

Ukuze uthole indawo eqondile, cindezela I-TAB ngenkathi uhudula ingxenye ukuze uvule iphaneli yayo yezakhiwo. Lapha ungafaka ngqo izixhumanisi ze-X ne-Y, usethe ukujikeleza kunoma iyiphi i-engeli (hhayi nje ukukhushulwa kwamadigri angu-90), bese ulungisa amanye amapharamitha. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu lapho ubeka izingxenye ngokulinganayo noma ebangeni elithile elilinganisiwe.

Sebenzisa Buka → Amagridi → I-Snap ku-Grid ukuze ushintshe i-grid snapping. Khubaza i-snapping okwesikhashana uma udinga indawo yokuhlukaniswa, bese uyivumela kabusha emsebenzini wokubeka ojwayelekile. Qondanisa izingxenye eziningi ngokuvundlile noma ngokuvundlile usebenzisa Hlela → Qondanisa → Qondanisa Kwesobunxele/Kwesokudla/Phezulu/Ngezansi ngemva kokukhetha izingxenye ngenkathi ubambe i-Shift.

Ukulungiswa Kwesiklami Nokulungiselelwa Kwesikrini Sesilikhi

Ingxenye ngayinye inomklami (R1, C1, U1, njll.) ovela kungqimba lwesikrini se-silkscreen. Lawa malebula ombhalo abalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwebhodi nasekuxazululeni izinkinga kodwa angaphazamisa ukwakheka kwakho uma kungabekwanga kahle. Chofoza bese uhudula abaklami ukuze ubahambise ngokuzimela ezingxenyeni zabo. Beka abaklami ezindaweni lapho bafundeka khona kodwa abangahlangani nama-pad, ama-trace, noma ezinye izingxenye.

Ama-designator angaphansi kwesendlalelo se-Top Overlay (noma i-Bottom Overlay yezingxenye ezingezansi). Qinisekisa ukuthi wonke ama-designator ayabonakala futhi aqondiswe kahle - umbhalo ovundlile kulula ukuwufunda. Uma indawo yebhodi igcwala kakhulu, cabanga ngokuthuthela amanye ama-designator ongqimbeni olungezansi lwe-silkscreen, yize lokhu kwenza ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlanganiswa kube nzima kakhulu.

Hlola usayizi wefonti yomklami (ngokuvamile ubude obungu-1mm kuya ku-1.5mm) ukuze uthole ukuthi ifundeka kalula. Umbhalo omncane kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-0.8mm) ungase ube nzima ukuwuphrinta ngokucacile. Umbhalo omkhulu kakhulu uchitha isikhala ebhodini. Sebenzisa i-View → Show → Designators ukuze ushintshe ukubonakala komklami uma udinga umbono ocacile wesakhiwo sakho.

Ukuhlelwa Kwengxenye Yokugcina

Kwisekethe yethu yokulawula i-voltage, ukubekwa okulungiselelwe kubeka i-LM7805 IC maphakathi nebhodi ukuze kusatshalaliswe ukushisa. Ama-capacitor okufaka (C1, C2) abekwa eduze kwephinikhodi yokufaka ye-IC (iphinikhodi 1), okunciphisa iluphu yamanje yemvamisa ephezulu. Ama-capacitor okukhipha (C3, C4) abekwe eduze kwephinikhodi yokukhipha ye-IC (iphinikhodi 3) ngesizathu esifanayo.

Isixhumi sokufaka (J1) siseceleni kwebhodi lesobunxele, isixhumi sokukhipha (J2) siseceleni kwesokudla. Izingxenye zesikhombisi se-LED (LED1, R1) zibekwe eduze kwesigaba sokukhipha. Ukuxhumeka komhlabathi kwazo zonke izingxenye kwakha indlela yemvelo yokubuya, esizoyixhuma sisebenzisa izindiza zomhlabathi kunemikhondo ngayinye ezigabeni ezilandelayo.

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuqondisa, bheka lokhu kuhlola: Zonke izingxenye zingaphakathi kohlaka lwebhodi; izingxenye ezihlobene nokusebenza ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo; ukuhamba kwesignali kunengqondo; imigqa ye-ratsnest ikhombisa ukuwela okuncane; zonke izifanekiso ziyafundeka futhi zibekwe ngendlela efanele. Ukwenza izinguquko zokubeka ngemva kokuqondisa kudla isikhathi futhi kuyakhungathekisa isikhathi sokutshala imali manje ekubekeni okuhle.

Umzila we-PCB - Izingxenye Ezixhumanisayo

Ukuqondisa kudala imikhondo yethusi exhumanisa ngogesi ama-component pad ngokwesimiso sakho. Yilapho ukwakheka kwesekethe yakho kuba ngokoqobo khona. I-Altium inikeza amathuluzi okuqondisa anamandla asebenzisanayo alinganisela ukulawulwa ngesandla ngosizo oluhlakaniphile.

Ukuqonda Izendlalelo Zokuqondisa

Ibhodi lethu elinezingqimba ezimbili linezingqimba ezimbili zokuqondisa zethusi: Ingqimba Ephezulu (ngokuvamile iboniswa ngombala obomvu) kanye nengqimba Engezansi (ngokuvamile iboniswa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Cindezela inkinobho ethi + ngesikhathi sokuqondisa ukuze ushintshe usuka kungqimba Ephezulu uye Ezansi; cindezela – ukuze ushintshe usuka ku-Bottom uye Ezansi. I-Altium ibeka i-via ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni yokushintsha.

Izisekelo Zokusebenzisa Umzila Ngokuzenzela

Umzila osebenzisanayo ufinyelelwa ngomzila → Umzila osebenzisanayo noma ngokucindezela Ctrl+W. Chofoza kunoma iyiphi iphedi engaqondiswanga ukuze uqale ukuqondisa kusukela kulelo phuzu. Cindezela i-SPACE ngesikhathi sokuqondisa ukuze ujikeleze ngezindlela zokuqondisa: ama-engeli angama-90 degrees, ama-engeli angama-45 degrees, kanye nokuqondisa kwanoma iyiphi i-engeli. Kumabhodi ochwepheshe, sebenzisa ukuqondisa kwama-degree angama-45 kuphela.

Amandla Okuqondisa kanye Nezindlela Zomkhondo Womhlaba

Imizila yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ithwala amaza aphezulu futhi idinga imizila ebanzi. Dlulisa lokhu kuqala, usebenzisa ububanzi bemizila obungu-0.8mm kuya ku-1.0mm. Cindezela i-TAB ngenkathi uhambisa ukuze uvule izakhiwo bese ushintsha inani lobubanzi.

Ukudala Indiza Yomhlaba (Uketshezi Lwethusi)

Indiza yomhlabathi iyindawo enkulu yethusi exhunywe emhlabathini, ehlinzeka ngendlela yokubuya kwe-impedance ephansi futhi enciphisa i-EMI. Esikhundleni sokuhambisa imikhondo yomhlabathi ngamunye, sakha ukuthululwa kwethusi okuxhumanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo wonke ama-ground pad.

Ukuchaza i-Ground Polygon

Finyelela i-polygon pour ngokusebenzisa i-Place → i-Polygon Pour noma cindezela u-P bese u-G. Chofoza uzungeze ibhodi lakho ukuze uchaze indawo yokugcwalisa. Chofoza kabili ukuze uqedele i-polygon bese uvula ingxoxo yezakhiwo.

Ukuhlela Izakhiwo ze-Polygon

Setha i-Net ku-'GND' ukuze unikeze le polygon phansi. Setha i-Layer ku-'Top Layer'. Khetha i-'Relief Connect' yesitayela sokuxhuma ukuze udale ukuxhumana kokukhululeka kokushisa okubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni nge-solder. Setha i-Clearance ku-0.2mm.

Ukuthulula ithusi

Chofoza kwesokudla uhlaka lwe-polygon bese ukhetha Izenzo ze-Polygon → Repour All. Indiza yomhlabathi igcwalisa indawo yebhodi etholakalayo, igwema izinto ezingahambisani ngenkathi ixhuma kuzo zonke izingcezu zomhlabathi.

Ukuxhumanisa Izindiza Zasemhlabeni Nezi-Vias

Beka ama-via okuthunga ukuze uxhume ngogesi izindiza eziphezulu nezingezansi zomhlabathi. Beka ama-via ngezikhathi ezithile (njalo nge-10-20mm) uzungeze ibhodi, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezikhonkwane zomhlabathi ze-IC.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Yomklamo (i-DRC) kanye Nokuqinisekiswa

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Yokuklama kukhomba ukwephulwa kwemithetho ngaphambi kokukhiqiza. Ungalokothi uthumele ibhodi ekukhiqizeni ngaphandle kokufeza amaphutha e-DRC.

Ukuhlola Imithetho Yokuklama Okusebenzayo

Finyelela i-DRC ngamathuluzi → Ukuhlola Imithetho Yokuklama. Qinisekisa ukuthi zonke izigaba zivuliwe. Chofoza okuthi 'Sebenzisa Ukuhlola Imithetho Yokuklama' ukuze uqale ukuqinisekisa.

Ukubukeza Ukwephulwa Kwemithetho e-DRC

Iphaneli yeMiyalezo ibonisa konke ukwephulwa komthetho. Chofoza kunoma yikuphi ukwephulwa komthetho ukuze usondeze endaweni yenkinga ngamamaki agqanyisiwe.

Ukulungisa Ukwephulwa Okuvamile

Lungisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokususa izikhala ngokuhambisa imikhondo. Lungisa ukwephulwa kobubanzi ngokulungisa izakhiwo zobubanzi bomkhondo. Qedela konke ukuxhumana okungaqondiswanga. Lungisa ngokubeka ukuze kuxazululwe ngokwephulwa kwemithetho.

Ukufeza Amaphutha e-DRC Angewona Owodwa

Lungisa njalo ukwephulwa komthetho bese uphinda usebenzise i-DRC kuze kube yilapho iphaneli yemilayezo ikhombisa amaphutha angekho. Qinisekisa ukuthi wonke amanethi aqondiswe ngaphandle kwemigqa yesidleke samagundane esele.

Ukwengeza Izinto Zokugcina kanye Nemibhalo

Ukwengeza Izimbobo Zokufaka

Beka izimbobo zokufaka emakhoneni ebhodi usebenzisa i-Place → Pad. Kuma-screw e-M3, sebenzisa ububanzi bembobo engu-3.2mm. Beka izimbobo okungenani ezingu-3-5mm ukusuka emaphethelweni ebhodi.

Umbhalo kanye nolwazi lwesikrini se-Silkscreen

Engeza ulwazi lokuhlonza usebenzisa i-Place → String on Top Overlay layer. Faka igama lebhodi, ukubuyekezwa, usuku, kanye nemininingwane. Qinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo uyafundeka (ubuncane obungu-1mm ukuphakama) futhi awuhlanganisi amaphedi.

Amamaki Omphetho Webhodi kanye Nobukhulu

Engeza omaka bobukhulu usebenzisa i-Place → Dimension → Linear Dimension ku-Mechanical 1 layer. Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa usayizi webhodi futhi kusiza ukwakheka kwe-enclosure.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukususwa Kwesikrini Se-Silkscreen

Qinisekisa ukuthi awekho amaphedi e-silkscreen overlaps usebenzisa i-View → Connections → Show Pads. Hambisa noma yimuphi umbhalo ophikisanayo ezindaweni ezicacile.

Ukubukwa Nokubuyekezwa Kwe-3D

Izilungiselelo Zokucushwa Kokubuka Kwe-3D

Zombili izindlela zokubuka ze-2D kanye ne-3D zihlelwe kuphaneli yokuhlela ukubuka. Ukubonisa iphaneli: cindezela ishothikhathi L; sebenzisa inkinobho ethi Amaphaneli ngezansi kwesokudla kwesofthiwe; noma khetha into ethi Buka » Amaphaneli » Buka imenyu yokucushwaUma ushintshela kumodi ye-3D Layout, izinketho ezengeziwe zokulawula isethulo sebhodi ku-3D ziyatholakala kuthebhu ethi Buka Izinketho zephaneli ethi Buka Ukucushwa.

Ukushintshela ku-3D View

Cindezela u-'3' noma ukhethe Buka → Shintshela ku-3D. Sebenzisa igundane ukuze ujikeleze (uhudule ngokuchofoza kwesobunxele), ipani (uhudule ngokuchofoza kwesokudla), kanye nokusondeza (isondo lokuskrola) ukuze uhlole kunoma iyiphi i-engeli.

Ukuhlola Ukuphakama Kwezingxenye kanye Nokuhlanzwa

Qinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zivulekile ngokubuka kwe-3D. Qinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ezinde aziphazamisi. Hlola ukuthi umklamo uyalingana nendawo ebiyelwe ehlosiwe ngokukala ukuphakama okuphezulu kwebhodi.

Izinketho Zokuthumela Ngaphandle ze-3D

Thumela imodeli ye-3D usebenzisa i-File → Export → STEP yesofthiwe ye-CAD yemishini. Onjiniyela bemishini basebenzisa lokhu kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze baklame indawo ebiyelwe kanye nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwayo.

Ibhokisi lengxoxo le-Export Options, elifinyelelwa ngokuchofoza kabili umphumela owengeziwe we-STEP export noma ukuqalisa umyalo we-File » Export » STEP 3D, linikeza uhla lwezinketho, kufaka phakathi izinketho zokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto zebhodi ezizofakwa kufayela elikhiqiziwe.

Ukuhlolwa Kokugcina Ngaphambi Kokukhiqiza

Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluphelele Lokuklama

Qinisekisa into ngayinye ngaphambi kokukhiqiza amafayela okukhiqiza:

• Zonke izingxenye zibekwe ngokunengqondo
• Wonke amanethi aqondiswe, akukho ndawo yamagundane
• Izindiza eziphansi kuzo zombili izendlalelo ezinezimbobo zokuthunga
• I-DRC idlulile ngamaphutha angu-0
• Izifanekiso zesikrini se-silk ziyafundeka
• Izimbobo zokufaka zibekwe kahle
• Ubukhulu bebhodi bulungile
• Ukubukwa kwe-3D kuqinisekisiwe

Ukukhiqiza Amafayela Okukhiqiza

Khiqiza amafayela e-Gerber ngokusebenzisa Ifayela → Imiphumela Yokukhiqiza → Amafayela e-Gerber namafayela e-NC Drill ngefayela → Imiphumela Yokukhiqiza → Amafayela e-NC DrillXhumana nomkhiqizi wakho ukuze uthole izidingo ezithile.

Iphrojekthi Yokonga Nokusekela

Londoloza wonke amafayela nge I-Ctrl+Shift+S. Dala ingobo yomlando ephelele yephrojekthi usebenzisa iProjekthi → Iphrojekthi Yengobo yomlando ukuze uthole amakhophi agciniwe noma ukubambisana.

Isiphetho

Siyakuhalalisela ngokuqeda lesi sifundo esibanzi sokwakheka kwe-PCB! Ufunde ukuhamba komsebenzi okuphelele kusukela ekungeniseni okuhleliwe ngokulungiselela ukukhiqiza. Lawa makhono ayisisekelo, ukubeka amasu, ukuqondisa kochwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwendiza yomhlaba, kanye nokuqinisekiswa okuphelele kwakha izisekelo zokuklama kwe-PCB kochwepheshe. Qhubeka nokuthuthukisa amakhono akho ngokuklama amasekethe ahlukahlukene. Funda ngemiklamo yobuchwepheshe, joyina imiphakathi ye-PCB, futhi ubuyekeze amabhodi akho akhiqizwe ukuze ufunde empumelelweni nasemaphutheni.

Siyabonga ngokulandela lesi sifundo. Isinyathelo sakho esilandelayo: klama ibhodi lakho kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, usebenzisa konke okufundile. Ngikufisela inhlanhla ohambweni lwakho lokuklama lwe-PCB!