1.Yiziphi izinto zikagesi namasekethe?
Okokuqala, kufanele wazi mayelana electronics. Kuyigatsha le-physics nobunjiniyela elibhekene nocwaningo lwama-electron, ukuziphatha kwawo, ukugeleza kwawo, nokulawula ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Imishini kagesi yizingxenye ezilawula ukuhamba kwamandla kagesi ukuze kucutshungulwe ulwazi nezinjongo zokulawula uhlelo. Lawa madivayisi anika amandla imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi njengokuxhumana, ikhompyutha, kanye ne-automation kusetshenziswa izingxenye ze-semiconductor njengesekethe ehlanganisiwe nama-transistors. Imishini kagesi iphendula kumasekhethi kagesi.
Isekethe ye-elekthronikhi inhlanganisela yezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ngazinye njengezimela, ama-capacitor, ama-inductors, ama-diode, nama-transistors axhunywe ngezintambo noma ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe lapho amandla kagesi angageleza khona. Izibonelo zamasekethe e-elekthronikhi amasekhethi e-LED alula, amasekhethi okuphakela amandla, amasekhethi amplifier, njll.
2. Iyini indima yemishini kagesi kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje?
Imishini kagesi inendima ebalulekile ekuhlelweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje, iguqule izimboni ezahlukene. Namuhla izinto zikagesi ziyingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni komakhalekhukhwini kuya ezintweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, lezi zisetshenziswa zenza ukuphila kwethu kube lula kakhulu, kufinyeleleke kalula futhi kukhululeke. Imishini kagesi inendima enkulu kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile banamuhla. Uma uke wazibuza ukuthi lezi zisetshenziswa zisebenza kanjani, akuwena wedwa. Abantu abaningi abazi ngisho noma bezisebenzisa njalo, ukuthi izinto zikagesi namasekethe zisebenza kanjani. Imishini kagesi yenziwe ngamasekethe e-elekthronikhi aqukethe izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ukuze kucutshungulwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene, ulwazi, kanye nezinhlelo. Eminye yemikhakha emikhulu lapho izinto zikagesi zinomthelela omkhulu yilena elandelayo:
- I-Consumer Electronics kanye Namadivayisi Ahlakaniphile
- I-Artificial Intelligence kanye ne-Computer System
- I-Industrial Electronics kanye ne-Automation
- Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo kanye Nendawo Yezokwelapha
- Ukuxhumana Nokuxhumana
3. Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zikagesi?
Izihlanganisi ezingenalutho
Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi akhiwe ngezinto zikagesi (ezingenakwenziwa) njengezihluthulelo, ama-capacitor, ama-diode, ama-inductors, nama-transistors. I-resistor iyisici se-elekthronikhi esingenzi lutho esidla amandla futhi sisebenze njengomthwalo. Iphinde imelane nokugeleza kwamandla. I-capacitor igcina amandla ngendlela yokushaja kagesi. I-inductor igcina amandla ngendlela yezibuthe.
Izingxenye ezisebenzayo
I-transistor iyingxenye ye-electronic semiconductor esebenzayo. Isetshenziswa njengokushintsha kwezinto zikagesi, noma ngezinye izikhathi ikhulisa amasignali namandla. Asetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zethu zikagesi zansuku zonke nakuma-electronics, njengamakhompuyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, ama-memory chips, njll. Ama-Transistors ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe (IC) aqukethe izingxenye ze-passive ezifana nama-resistors nama-capacitor aqoshwe ku-chip encane.
Amadivayisi we-Semiconductor
Ama-Diode avumela i-current in the direction eyodwa kuyilapho evimbela ukugeleza kwamanje ku-reverse direction. Iqukethe izinto ze-semiconductor zohlobo lwe-P kanye nohlobo lwe-N. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-diode ama-Zener diode nama-light-emitting diode. Iphinde ivikele amasekhethi kusuka ku-overvoltage noma ukuhlehla polarity.
Amanye amadivaysi e-semiconductor ama-bipolar junction transistors kanye ne-metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors kumadivayisi kagesi namasekethe. 'Ama-BJT angamadivayisi alawulwa manje kanti ama-MOSFET angamadivayisi alawulwa amandla kagesi.
Izingxenye ze-Electromechanical
Kumishini kagesi, ama-relay amaswishi e-electromechanical akhiwe yikhoyili kazibuthe kagesi, izindawo zokuxhumana, kanye nelever engumshini. Isebenzisa isignali yamandla aphansi ukuze ilawule isekethe kagesi yamandla. Ama-relay ahlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa kukagesi phakathi kwamasekhethi okulawula nokulayisha. Ama-relay asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni eziningi ezifana ne-industrial automation, isilawuli sezimoto kanye nezinto zikagesi zasekhaya.
Iswishi iyisisetshenziswa somshini kagesi esisetshenziselwa ukuphula noma ukwenza isekethe kagesi noma kagesi. Amaswishi angase asebenze ngesandla noma ngomshini. Amaswishi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa, amafriji, izinto zikagesi, ama-air conditioner, njll.
I-motor futhi iyisisetshenziswa se-electromechanical esiguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla emishini. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamamotho, njenge-DC, ama-AC motors, ama-servos, nama-induction motors. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukene ezifana nezinhlelo zezimboni, izimoto zikagesi neze-hybrid, namarobhothi, njll.
4.Ayini amasekhethi e-elekthronikhi?
Isekhethi ye-elekthronikhi yindlela noma indlela amandla kagesi ageleza ngayo kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezihlukene njengama-resistors, ama-capacitor, ama-transistors, nama-inductors. Amasekhethi e-elekthronikhi ayizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zazo zonke izinto zikagesi kanye nezinhlelo. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwama-smartphones kuya kubuchwepheshe besistimu enkulu yezimboni namandla, kunomnikelo obalulekile wamasekhethi kagesi ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
5. Izinhlobo zamaSekethe e-Electronic
| Uhlobo lwe-Electronic Circuit | Incazelo | Izibonelo |
| Isifunda se-Analog | Isifunda se-analog wuhlobo lwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi engacubungula amasiginali noma idatha eqhubekayo futhi ikhiqize okukhiphayo ngefomu le-analog. Iqukethe izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezifana nama-resistor, ama-capacitor, ama-inductors, ama-diode, nama-transistors. | Isikhulisi somsindo, izinzwa zokushisa |
| Digital Circuits | Inqubo yamasekhethi edijithali isebenzisa amasignali ahlukene noma amanani edijithali njengamakhodi kanambambili. Amasekhethi edijithali ayinhlanganisela yamasango anengqondo nama-transistors. | I-Microprocessor, amasango e-Digital logic (KANYE, NOMA NAND), |
| Ama-Mix Signals Circuits | Amasekhethi esignali axubile empeleni angamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa kokubili amasekhethi e-analog nedijithali ku-chip eyodwa. Lawa masekethi e-elekthronikhi acubungula amasiginali we-analog nedijithali. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezinjengamamodemu, izamukeli, nama-smartphone. | Iziguquli ze-Analog-to-digital (ADC), iziguquli zedijithali-kuya-analog (DAC) |
| Ishicilelwe Circuit Board | Ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe liyindawo engeyona eye-conductive noma ibhodi elinemigqa yokuhambisa eqoshwe kuyo. Kuwuhlobo lwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi exhuma izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Kubuchwepheshe banamuhla, ama-PCB anendima ebalulekile kumishini kagesi namasekethe. Ama-PCB angaba angawodwa, aphindwe kabili, noma anesendlalelo esiningi, kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi nomklamo wesekethe. | Omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha, izinto zikagesi |
| Izifunda Eziwumugqa | Isekhethi ye-elekthronikhi amapharamitha awo ahlala njalo nesikhathi futhi angashintshi ngevelu yamanje noma kagesi kuthiwa iyisekhethi yomugqa. Ilandela umthetho ka-Ohm. | I-Voltage Dividers, i-RC ne-RL circuits |
| Amasekethe Angewona Awolayini | Isekethe engaqondile wuhlobo lwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi amapharamitha awo ashintsha nge-voltage noma yamanje. Lezi zifunda aziwuthobeli umthetho ka-Ohm. Okukhiphayo kwamasekhethi angaqondile akulingani nokokufaka njengamasekhethi alayini. | Izilungisi, ama-amplifiers, amasekhethi e-Digital logic |
6. Indlela Yokuklama Izifunda Ze-Electronic
Lapho uklama amasekethe kagesi, kunezinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zilandelwe.
Ukuqonda ama-Circuit Schematics
Ama-schematics esifunda awukumelwa okuyisithombe kwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezimisiwe. Ukuqonda imidwebo yesifunda noma ama-schematics kubalulekile ekuklameni, ekuhlaziyeni, nasekuhloleni noma ekuxazululeni amasekhethi kagesi.
I-Prototyping kanye I-PCB Design
Ngemuva kokuqonda ama-schematics esekethe, isinyathelo sesibili sokuklama isekethe ye-elekthronikhi i-prototyping kanye nomklamo webhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Ama-PCB prototypes amasampula okuqala emishini kagesi edizayinelwe umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuhlola. Imishini kagesi nabaklami besekethe kanye nabakhiqizi be-PCB basebenzisa ama-prototypes ahlukahlukene e-PCB ukuze bahlole izici ezihlukene zamasekhethi kagesi akhethiwe.
Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Nokulungisa
Lapho izinto zikagesi zingasebenzi kahle, khona-ke ukuhlonza izingxenye ezinephutha kusekethe kuwumgomo wokuqala wabaklami nonjiniyela be-elekthronikhi. Ngokuqaphela izingxenye noma izingxenye ezilimele, ezingasebenzi kahle neziphukile, abaklami bangakwazi esikhundleni sazo bafake ezisebenzayo ukuze bazenzele ukusetshenziswa okufanele nokusebenza kahle.
7. Amathuluzi Okuhlola Nokulinganisa Amadivayisi Kagesi
Oscilloscope
I-oscilloscope iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukubuka amasignali kagesi kagesi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Inikeze ukumelwa okunemifanekiso nokubonakalayo kwesignali kagesi uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi. I-oscilloscope isiza ekuhlaziyeni ama-waveform, amaza wesignali, impendulo yesikhashana, nomsindo kumasekethe kagesi. i-waveform, ikuvumela ukuthi ubheke futhi ufunde ukuziphatha kwezinhlelo zikagesi. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ezokuxhumana kanye ne-electronics.
I-Multimeter
I-multimeter iyidivayisi yokuhlola neyokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukukala amapharamitha kagesi amaningi wesekethe ye-elekthronikhi, njengamanje, i-voltage, nokumelana. Ingakwazi ukukala i-AC ne-DC voltage, yamanje, nokumelana ngama-ohms. I-multimeter ingase isetshenziselwe ukuhlola ukuqhubeka koxhumano oluphukile kudivayisi kagesi noma isekethe. I-analog ejwayelekile ne-multimeter yedijithali ikhonjiswa kanjena:
8. Izicelo Zamadivayisi Kagesi kanye Neziyingi
- Ama-electronics abathengi
- Ukuzenzekela kweZimabhizinisi
- Amarobhothi kanye Nobuhlakani
- Izicelo Zokwelashwa
i-elekthronikhi yabathengi
Amadivayisi omthengi angamadivayisi asetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa, ukuxhumana, noma izinjongo zolwazi. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezilula zokungcebeleka. Esikhathini sanamuhla sobuchwepheshe, ama-electronics abathengi anika amandla ukuxhuma imbulunga ngama-smartphone namalaptop. Izibonelo zama-electronics abathengi ama-smartphone, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amawashi ahlakaniphile, ama-headphone, ama-air conditioner, ama-oven ama-microwave, njll.
Ezenzakalelayo zezimboni
Ubunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi namadivayisi anomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezimboni. Amasekhethi kagesi alawula futhi aqaphe izinqubo zezimboni ezifana nezinga lokushisa, izinga lokugeleza, nokucindezela. Amadivayisi kagesi namasekhethi athuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezinhlelweni zezimboni. Iphinde inikeze amandla okuzenzakalelayo kanye namarobhothi ezinhlelweni zezimboni.
Amarobhothi kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa
Amadivayisi kagesi namasekethe ayisisekelo kumarobhothi kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI). Kuyasiza ekunikeni amandla ukwenza izinqumo, ukubona, nokulawula izinzwa ezifana ne-infrared ne-LiDAR. Amasekhethi e-elekthronikhi anikela emkhakheni wamarobhothi nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ngokucubungula inani elibanzi ledatha elidingekayo ukuze kuqeqeshwe futhi kusetshenziswe ama-algorithms okufunda komshini kumasistimu erobhothi.
Amadivayisi ezokwelapha
Njengeminye imikhakha, izinto zikagesi namasekethe zidlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokwelapha namadivayisi. Inike amandla ukuthuthuka kwezokwelapha, ukuxilonga, nokuqapha impilo ngamadivayisi afana nemishini yokuthwebula izithombe nezinye izinhlelo zokuqapha. Izicelo nezibonelo zemishini kagesi kwezokwelapha imishini ye-X-ray, imishini ye-MRI, izikena ze-CT, i-ECG, i-EEG, izinzwa ze-biomedical, iziqapha ze-glucose yegazi, njll.
Isiphetho
Imishini kagesi namasekhethi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ukuphila kwethu kube lula, ekulolongeni ubuchwepheshe besimanje, nasekuthuthukiseni intuthuko emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Lawa madivaysi aklanywe ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezifana ne-passive, esebenzayo, ne-semiconductor components ezisebenza ezinhlelweni zokulawula futhi zicubungule ulwazi. Kusukela kumaselula kanye nesithombe sezokwelapha kuye kumasistimu kagesi kanye ne-automation yezimboni, amasekhethi e-elekthronikhi akha umgogodla wezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kubuchwepheshe obusha. Idizayini yebhodi lesifunda ephrintiwe kanye nezindlela zokuxazulula inkinga zibalulekile ekwakheni idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi esebenza kahle.
Wonderful PCB, okuwuphawu lokukhiqiza oluhamba phambili lwe-elekthronikhi ne-PCB, inikeza izixazululo ezingcono kakhulu ze-elekthronikhi futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokukhiqiza zikagesi zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nezinsizakalo zokukhiqiza ze-PCB ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.
