Abantu abaninzi baxuba iitshiphusi, iisemiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo. Igama ngalinye lithetha inxalenye eyahlukileyo yendlela iteknoloji isebenza ngayo kwizixhobo. Umzekelo, xa usebenzisa i-smartphone, usebenzisa ezi nxalenye yonke imihla. Ibinzana elithi chips vs semiconductors vs iisekethe ezidibeneyo libonisa indlela la magama anxibelelana ngayo kodwa ahluke. IiChips vs semiconductors vs iisekethe ezidibeneyo zibonisa umsebenzi okhethekileyo ngamnye anawo kwi-electronics.
IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo
I-semiconductors zizinto ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-silicon. Banceda ukulawula umbane. Zisisiseko sazo zonke izixhobo zombane.
Iichips ziziqwenga ezincinci ezisikwe kwii-wafers ze-semiconductor. Babamba iisekethe ezidibeneyo. Ezi sekethe zinceda izixhobo zenze imisebenzi emininzi.
Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ziinkqubo ezincinci ezakhiwe kwiitshiphusi. Badibanisa iindawo ezininzi kunye. Oku kwenza izixhobo zibe zincinci, zikhawuleze, kwaye zomelele.
Inkqubo iqala ngeesemiconductors. Emva koko, ii-wafers zenziwe. Emva koko, iisekethe ezidibeneyo zakhiwe. Okokugqibela, iitshiphusi zisikiwe.
Iichips, iisemiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo zisebenza kunye. Bancedisa izinto ezifana neefowuni, iikhompyutha kunye neemoto.
IiChips vs Semiconductors vs iiSekethe eziDityanisiweyo
chips
Iichips ziingceba ezincinci ezineesekethe ze-elektroniki ngaphakathi. Abantu bakwazibiza ngokuba ziimicrochips. Ezi chips zifumaneka kwizinto ezifana neefowuni, iikhompyutha, kunye neemoto. Itshiphu nganye inokwenza imisebenzi emininzi, njengokuphatha idatha okanye ukugcina ulwazi. Iinjineli zenza iitshiphusi zosetyenziso olwahlukileyo. Ezinye iitshiphusi zinceda isixhobo ukuba sisebenze, kwaye ezinye zinceda ngenkumbulo okanye imifanekiso. Kwezobuchwephesha, iitshiphusi vs semiconductors vs iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo zibalulekile kuba iitshiphusi zizo ezingena kwizixhobo. Iichips zinezigidi zamalungu amancinci asebenza kunye ukwenza iteknoloji isebenze.
Phawula: Iichips zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo. Banceda ukuqhuba izinto ezinje ngoomatshini bokuhlamba kunye nezixhobo zomdlalo.
Semiconductors
I-semiconductors zizinto ezikhethekileyo ezenza umbane uhambe kwezinye iimeko. I-Silicon yeyona semiconductor isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ezi zixhobo zisisiseko sezinto ezininzi zombane namhlanje. Ngaphandle kwe-semiconductors, ii-chips kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo aziyi kwenziwa. Ii-semiconductors zineempawu ezikhethekileyo ezivumela iinjineli zilawule umbane. Oku kubanceda bakhe iisekethe ezinzima. Kwii-chips vs semiconductors vs iisekethe ezidibeneyo, ii-semiconductors ziza kuqala. Zisisiseko sawo onke amanye amalungu e-elektroniki.
imathiriyeli | Ukusetyenziswa kwi-Electronics |
|---|---|
Silicon | Isiseko esiqhelekileyo |
Germanium | Isetyenziswa kwezinye diode |
Gallium Arsenide | Izixhobo zesantya esiphezulu |
Iisekethe eziHlangeneyo
Iisekethe ezidibeneyo, okanye ii-ICs, ziinkqubo ezincinci ezinamalungu amaninzi kwitshiphu enye. Ezi nxalenye zizinto ezifana ne-transistors, resistors, kunye ne-capacitors. Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo zinokwenza izinto ezininzi, njengokwenza imiqondiso ibe namandla okanye ukuphatha ulwazi. Ukuveliswa kweesekethe ezidibeneyo zitshintshe kakhulu i-electronics. Ii-ICs zenze izixhobo ezincinci kwaye zomelele. Kwii-chips vs semiconductors vs iisekethe ezidibeneyo, iisekethe ezidibeneyo zizijikelezo ezinzima ezakhiwe kwiichips zisebenzisa i-semiconductors. Uninzi lwee-elektroniki namhlanje zisebenzisa ii-ICs kuba zonga indawo kunye namandla. Iinjineli zithi IC xa zithetha ngobuchopho beekhompyuter, iifowuni kunye nokunye. Ezinye izixhobo zisebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-IC enye ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Icebiso: Iisekethe ezidibeneyo ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba yi-microchips, kodwa ayizizo zonke ii-chip eziyi-IC.
Umahluko kunye nobudlelwane
Enyameni vs Ukusebenza
Umahluko womzimba ubonisa indlela iichips, i-semiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo azifani. I-semiconductors zizinto ezifana ne-silicon. Abantu bazenza zibe ziziqwenga ezibhityileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-wafers. Ii-wafers zisisiseko sokwakha iindawo zombane. Ii-chips ngamaqhekeza amancinci asikwe kwii-wafers. Itshiphu nganye inamalungu amaninzi amancinane asebenza kunye. Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zakhiwe kwiitshiphusi. Zininzi ii-transistors kunye nezinye iindawo. La malungu anceda itshiphu ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo.
Ukusebenza kuthetha into eyenziwa lilungu ngalinye. I-semiconductors inceda ukulawula umbane. Iichips zisebenzisa oku ukwenza imisebenzi kwizixhobo. Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zongeza amandla amaninzi ngokubeka iindawo ezininzi kunye. Oku kuvumela iinjineli ukuba zenze izixhobo ezincinci kunye nezomeleleyo. Umzekelo, itshiphu enye kwifowuni inokuphatha imemori. Enye itshiphu inokulawula imifanekiso. Yintoni eyenziwa yi-chip kuxhomekeke kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo ngaphakathi.
Phawula: Ukwenza iitshiphusi kuqala ngeesemiconductors. Iphela ngeesekethe ezidibeneyo ezinika izixhobo imisebenzi yazo ekhethekileyo.
Isixhobo vs Isixhobo
I-semiconductors zizinto zokuqala. Zivela kwizinto ezifana ne-silicon. Iinjineli zikhulisa ezi zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Ukuguqula ii-wafers zibe zizixhobo kuthatha amanyathelo amaninzi. Iichips zizixhobo ezigqityiweyo ezenziwe kwii-wafers. Itshiphu nganye inokuba yikhompyuter encinci okanye inxalenye yememori. Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ziziyilo ezibekwe kwiitshiphusi. Basebenzisa iitransistors kunye namanye amalungu ukwenza itshiphu isebenze.
term | Yintoni | Indima kwi-Electronics |
|---|---|---|
Semiconductors | imathiriyeli | Isiseko kuzo zonke izixhobo |
Abahlafunayo | Izilayi ezibhityileyo | Isetyenziselwa ukwakha iitshiphusi |
chips | isixhobo | Ubamba iisekethe ezidibeneyo |
Iisekethe eziHlangeneyo | Inika iitships ukusebenza |
Ukwenza isixhobo kuqala ngeesemiconductors. Emva koko, iinjineli zenza amaqebengwana. Emva koko bakha iisekethe ezidibeneyo kwii-wafers. Ekugqibeleni, basika ii-wafers zibe yi-chips. Inyathelo ngalinye longeza amandla amaninzi kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Indlela Anxibelelana ngayo
Iichips, i-semiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo zidibaniswe ngamanyathelo. Okokuqala, iinjineli zisebenzisa i-semiconductors ukwenza iiwafers. Emva koko basebenzisa i-photolithography ukwakha iisekethe ezidibeneyo kwii-wafers. Ezi sekethe zinee-transistor ezininzi. I-Transistors inceda ukulawula iimpawu kunye nokugcina idatha. Emva kokwakha iisekethe, basika ii-wafers zibe ziitshiphusi. I-chip nganye ngoku isebenza ngenxa yeesekethe ezidibeneyo ngaphakathi.
I-semiconductors zizinto ezisisiseko.
Ii-wafers zenziwe nge-semiconductors.
Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zakhiwe kwii-wafers.
Iichips zisikwa kwii-wafers kwaye zineesekethe ezidibeneyo.
Le nkqubo inika itshiphu nganye umsebenzi wayo. Inani le-transistors kunye noyilo lweesekethe ezidibeneyo zithatha isigqibo sokuba i-chip isebenza njani. Izixhobo ezinjengeekhompyuter kunye neefowuni zisebenzisa iitshiphusi ezininzi. Itshiphu nganye yenza into eyahlukileyo. Inkqubo idibanisa imathiriyeli, uyilo, kunye nesixhobo kwisixokelelwano esinye.
Icebiso: Ukwazi la manyathelo kunceda abantu babone ukuba kutheni iichips, i-semiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo zibalulekile kwi-elektroniki.
Imveliso yeSemiconductor
Imveliso yeSemiconductor ijika izinto ezilula zibe ziitshiphusi ezomeleleyo. Le nkqubo inamanyathelo amaninzi okwenza iitshiphusi kwizinto ezikrwada. Inyathelo ngalinye linceda ukwakha iindawo ezincinci ezivumela ukuba umbane usebenze.
Ukuveliswa kweWafer
Ukuveliswa kwe-wafer linyathelo lokuqala kwimveliso ye-semiconductor. Iifektri zisebenzisa isilicon ecocekileyo ukwenza iitshiphusi. Abasebenzi banyibilikisa isilicon baze bayenze ibe ziisilinda ezinkulu. Basika ezi cylinder zibe ngamaqebengwana abhityileyo, asicaba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yimveliso yamaqhekezana. Ukwenziwa kwee-wafer ze-silicon kwenza ii-wafers ezigudileyo. Ezi ziqwenga zisisiseko samanyathelo alandelayo. I-wafer enye inokubamba iitshiphusi ezininzi.
Ingcebiso: Iziphaluka ze-silicon kufuneka zihlale zicocekile kakhulu. Kwanothuli oluncinane lungonakalisa inkqubo yokwenza itshiphu.
I-IC Fabrication
Ukwenziwa kwe-IC kubeka iisekethe ezincinci kwii-wafers. Eli nyathelo lisebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kwimveliso ye-semiconductor. Ifotolithography ikhanyisa ukukhanya ngemaski ukwenza iipatheni kwi-wafer. Ukufakelwa kwe-Iyoni yongeza amasuntswana amancinci kwezinye izinto zokutshintsha i-wafer. Iifektri ziphinda la manyathelo amaxesha amaninzi. Umaleko ngamnye wongeza iindawo ezintsha kwitshiphu. Inkqubo kufuneka ilumke kakhulu. Nokuba impazamo encinci ingaphula i-chip. Ukwenziwa kwe-IC yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza iitshiphusi.
Ukupakishwa kweChip
Emva kokwenziwa kwe-IC, abasebenzi basika amaqhekezana abe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Iqhekeza ngalinye litshiphu. Inyathelo elilandelayo ukupakishwa kwetshiphu. Eli nyathelo likhusela i-chip kwaye linceda ukuba liqhagamshele kwezinye iindawo. I-encapsulation igubungela i-chip ngeqokobhe eliqinileyo. Iingcingo okanye izigingqi zivumela itshiphu ithethe nesixhobo. Ukupakishwa okulungileyo kugcina itshiphu ikhuselekile kubushushu, uthuli, kunye nokwenzakala. Inyathelo lokugqibela lijonga ukuba itshiphu nganye iyasebenza na phambi kokushiya umzi-mveliso.
inyathelo | Inkqubo Engundoqo Esetyenziswayo | Injongo |
|---|---|---|
Ukuveliswa kweWafer | Ukucoca, ukucoca | Yenza amaqebengwana agudileyo |
I-IC Fabrication | I-Photolithography, ukufakelwa kwe-ion | Yakha iisekethe |
Ukupakishwa kweChip | I-encapsulation, i-wiring | Khusela kwaye udibanise i-chip |
Ukuveliswa kweSemiconductor kunamanyathelo amaninzi kwaye isebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Inyathelo ngalinye kufuneka lilungile ukwenza iitshiphusi zezixhobo zanamhlanje.
Usetyenziso kunye neMbali
Real-World Ukusetyenziswa
Abantu basebenzisa izinto ezenziwe kwimveliso ye-semiconductor yonke imihla. Izixhobo ezinjengeefowuni, iilaptops, kunye neemoto ziyafuneka iitshiphusi ezivela kwi-wafers. Ezi chips zinceda isixhobo ngasinye senze izinto ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, i-smartphone ineetshiphusi ezininzi. Ezinye iitshiphusi zibamba inkumbulo, zibonisa imifanekiso, okanye ziqhagamshele kwi-intanethi. I-chip nganye iqala njenge-wafer ebhityileyo ye-silicon. Ihamba ngenkqubo enononophelo kumzi-mveliso.
Iifektri nazo zenza iitshiphusi zezixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nezinto zokudlala. Ukwenza ezi chips kuthatha amanyathelo amaninzi. Inyathelo ngalinye linika itshiphu imisebenzi emininzi yokwenza. Iinjineli ziyila iitshiphusi zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye iitshiphusi zinceda iikhompyuter ukuba zibaleke ngokukhawuleza. Abanye bagcina iifoto okanye badlale imidlalo.
Qaphela: Ukuguqula iitshiphusi zibe ziitshiphusi kunceda itekhnoloji isebenze ngcono kwaye yenze izinto ezininzi.
Amanqaku abalulekileyo
Imbali yokwenziwa kwe-semiconductor inamaxesha amaninzi amakhulu. Ngowe-1947, abantu abathathu benza i-transistor yokuqala. Oku kuqale ixesha elitsha le-elektroniki. Ngeminyaka yee-1950, iinjineli zasebenzisa iiwafers ukwenza iisekethe ezinzima. UJack Kilby noRobert Noyce benza iisekethe zokuqala ezidibeneyo. Oku kwatshintsha indlela abantu abazakha ngayo izinto zombane.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iifektri zaba ngcono ekwenzeni iitshiphusi. Bafunda ukwenza amaqebengwana abe cekeceke kwaye acoceke ngakumbi. Oku kuvumela iitshiphusi zenze imisebenzi emininzi kwindawo encinci. Abantu abaninzi babefuna izixhobo zombane. Iinkampani zisebenze ngokukhawuleza ukwenza iitshiphusi ezingcono kwaye zongeze izinto ezintsha. Namhlanje, iifektri zisebenzisa oomatshini abakrelekrele ukuze babeke amalungu amancinane kwiiwafers. Oku kunceda itekhnoloji ikhawuleze kwaye yenze izinto ezininzi.
Unyaka | zigaba | Impembelelo kuMveliso |
|---|---|---|
1947 | I-transistor yokuqala | Ukuqala kombane wale mihla |
1958 | Iisekethe zokuqala ezidibeneyo | Ukusebenza okungakumbi kwizixhobo |
1970s | Imveliso ezenzekelayo | Iifafa ezikhawulezayo, ezithembekileyo |
namhlanje | Inkqubo ekwinqanaba eliphezulu | Izixhobo zombane ezisebenza kakhulu |
Iichips, iisemiconductors, kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo zonke zinomsebenzi wazo kwizinto zombane. I-semiconductors yizona zinto ziphambili apho yonke into iqala ngayo. Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zinceda iitshiphusi ukuba zenze izinto ezininzi kwaye zisebenze ngcono. Izinto ezenziwa ngala malungu zitshintsha indlela izixhobo ezisebenza ngayo, ukusuka kwimisebenzi elula ukuya kwenzima. Iifektri zidibanisa la malungu ukuze itshiphu nganye isebenze ngendlela eyiyo. Abantu basebenzisa le teknoloji yonke imihla ebomini babo. Njengoko iifektri zibangcono, izixhobo ziya kwenza ngakumbi kwaye zibe krelekrele kwaye zomelele kwixesha elizayo.
FAQ
Nguwuphi umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-chip kunye nesekethe edibeneyo?
Itshiphu liqhekezana elibamba iisekethe. Isekethe edibeneyo liqela leenxalenye ezincinci ezakhiwe kwi-chip. Ezi nxalenye ziquka izinto ezifana ne-transistors. Yonke i-chip ingaba neesekethe ezidibeneyo enye okanye ngaphezulu ngaphakathi.
Kutheni iitshiphusi ezininzi zisebenzisa isilicon njengesiseko semathiriyeli?
I-silicon ilungile ekulawuleni umbane. Ikwatshiphu kwaye kulula ukuyifumana. Iifektri zinokwenza i-silicon icoceke kakhulu. Oku kunceda iichips zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zihlale ixesha elide.
Ingaba isixhobo esinye sineetshiphu ezingaphezulu kwesinye?
Ewe. Izixhobo ezinjengeefowuni kunye neekhompyuter zisebenzisa iitshiphusi ezininzi. Itshiphu nganye yenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo kwisixhobo. Umzekelo, itshiphu enye igcina inkumbulo. Enye itshiphu iphatha imifanekiso okanye isandi.
Ngaba zonke ii-semiconductors zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iitshiphusi?
Hayi. Ayiyiyo yonke i-semiconductor eba yitshiphu. Ezinye iisemiconductors zisetyenziselwa amanye amalungu, njenge diode okanye abenzi boluvo. Uninzi lweetshiphusi zisebenzisa isilicon, kodwa ezinye zisebenzisa ezinye iisemiconductors kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo.
Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zinceda njani ukwenza izixhobo zibe zincinci?
Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo zibeka amalungu amaninzi kwichip enye. Oku konga indawo kwaye kuthetha ukuba kufuneka amaqhekeza ahlukeneyo ambalwa. Izixhobo ziba ncinci, zibe khaphukhaphu, kwaye zisebenzisa amandla amancinci.
