1.Ziziphi izixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe?
Okokuqala, kufuneka wazi malunga ne-elektroniki. Lisebe lefiziksi kunye nobunjineli elijongene nokuphononongwa kwee-electron, ukuziphatha kwazo, ukuhamba, kunye nokulawula phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Izixhobo zombane ngamacandelo alawula ukuhamba kombane ukulungiselela ukusetyenzwa kolwazi kunye neenjongo zolawulo lwenkqubo. Ezi zixhobo zenza imisebenzi enzima efana nonxibelelwano, i-computing, kunye ne-automation kusetyenziswa amacandelo e-semiconductor njengesekethe edibeneyo kunye nee-transistors. Izixhobo zombane ziphendula kwiisekethe zombane.
Isekethe ye-elektroniki yindibaniselwano yamacandelo e-elektroniki anjenge-resistators, capacitors, inductors, diodes, kunye neetransistors eziqhagamshelwe ngeengcingo okanye kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo apho umsinga wombane unokuhamba khona. Imizekelo yeesekethe ze-elektroniki zizijikelezo ezilula ze-LED, iisekethe zokubonelela ngombane, iisekethe ze-amplifier, njl.
2. Iyintoni indima yezixhobo zombane kubugcisa bale mihla?
Izixhobo zombane zinendima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni iteknoloji yale mihla, iguqula amashishini ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje izixhobo zombane ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kusetyenziso lweeselfowuni ukuya kwizixhobo eziphambili, ezi zixhobo zenza ubomi bethu bube lula, bufikeleleke kwaye bukhululeke. Izixhobo zombane zinendima enkulu kubuchwephesha banamhlanje obuphambili. Ukuba ukhe wazibuza ukuba ezi zixhobo zisebenza njani, ayinguwe wedwa. Abantu abaninzi abazi nokuba bazisebenzisa rhoqo, ukuba izixhobo ze-elektroniki neesekethe zisebenza njani. Izixhobo zombane zenziwe ngeesekethe zombane eziqulathe amacandelo e-elektroniki ukuze kusetyenzwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo usetyenziso, ulwazi kunye neenkqubo. Eminye yemimandla emikhulu apho izixhobo zombane zinempembelelo enkulu zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- I-Electronics yabathengi kunye nezixhobo ezihlakaniphile
- Intelligence Artificial kunye neNkqubo yeKhompyutha
- Imveliso yezoMbane kunye nokuZenzekelayo
- Ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye neNdawo yezoNyango
- Unxibelelwano kunye noQhagamshelwano
3. Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zombane?
Amacandelo angenakwenziwa
Izixhobo zombane zenziwe ngezinto ze-elektroniki (ezingenayo) ezifana nezixhasi, ii-capacitors, ii-diode, ii-inductors, kunye nee-transistors. I-resistor yinto yombane esebenzayo edla amandla kwaye isebenze njengomthwalo. Ikwamelana nokuhamba kwangoku. I-capacitor igcina amandla ngendlela yentlawulo yombane. I-inductor igcina amandla ngendlela yemagnethi.
Izixhobo ezisebenzayo
I-transistor yi-semiconductor esebenzayo ye-electronic component. Isetyenziswa njengokutshintsha kwizixhobo zombane, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ikhulisa imiqondiso namandla. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zethu zemihla ngemihla kunye nezixhobo zombane, ezinjengeekhompyuter, iiselfowuni, ii-memory chips, njl. njl
Izixhobo zeSemiconductor
IiDiodes zivumela okwangoku kwicala elinye ngelixa uvimba ukuhamba kwangoku kwicala elingasemva. Iqulethe izinto ze-semiconductor ze-P kunye nohlobo lwe-N. Iindidi ezikhethekileyo zeediode zi-Zener diodes kunye ne-light-emitting diodes. Ikwakhusela iisekethe kwi-overvoltage okanye i-reverse polarity.
Ezinye izixhobo ze-semiconductor zi-bipolar junction transistors kunye ne-metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors kwizixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe. 'Ii-BJT zizixhobo ezilawulwa ngoku ngelixa ii-MOSFET zizixhobo ezilawulwa ngamandla ombane.
Electromechanical Components
Kwizixhobo zombane, iirelayizi zizitshixo ze-electromechanical ezenziwe ngekhoyili ye-electromagnetic coil, iindawo zoqhagamshelwano, kunye nelever engumatshini. Isebenzisa umqondiso wamandla asezantsi ukulawula isekethe ye-elektroniki yamandla. I-Relays inikezela ukuhlukaniswa kombane phakathi kokulawula kunye neesekethe zomthwalo. Iireyilayi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezininzi ezinje ngemizi-mveliso ezenzekelayo, ulawulo lweemoto kunye nezixhobo zasekhaya.
Ukutshintsha sisixhobo sombane esisetyenziselwa ukwaphula okanye ukwenza isekethe yombane okanye yombane. Iiswitshi zinokusebenza ngesandla okanye ngoomatshini. Ukutshintsha kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokukhanyisa, iifriji, izixhobo zombane, i-air conditioners, njl.
Injini ikwasisixhobo sombane esiguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla omatshini. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenjini, njenge-DC, ii-motor ze-AC, ii-servos, kunye nee-motor induction. Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo njengeenkqubo zamashishini, izithuthi zombane kunye ne-hybrid, kunye neerobhothi, njl.
4.Ziziphi iisekethe ze-elektroniki?
Isekethe ye-elektroniki yindlela okanye indlela apho umsinga wombane utyhutyha kuwo amacandelo e-elektroniki ahlukeneyo afana nezixhasi, ii-capacitors, ii-transistors, kunye nee-inductors. Iisekethe ze-elektroniki zezona zibhloko zokwakha ezisisiseko kuzo zonke izixhobo zombane kunye neenkqubo. Ukusuka kusetyenziso lwee-smartphones ukuya kumashishini amakhulu kunye nobuchwepheshe benkqubo yamandla, kukho igalelo elibalulekileyo leesekethe zombane ekuphuhliseni ezi zicelo.
5. Iindidi zeeSekethe ze-Electronic
| Uhlobo lweSekethe yoMbane | inkcazelo | imizekelo |
| Isekethe ye-Analog | Isiphaluka se-analog luhlobo lwesekethe ye-elektroniki enokuthi iqhube izibonakaliso eziqhubekayo okanye idatha kwaye ivelise imveliso kwifom ye-analog. Iqulathe amacandelo e-elektroniki anje nge resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, kunye transistors. | Iamplifier yomsindo, izinzwa zobushushu |
| IiSekethe zeDijithali | Inkqubo yeesekethe zeDijithali isebenzisa imiqondiso engacacanga okanye amaxabiso edijithali afana neekhowudi zokubini. Iisekethe zedijithali ziyindibaniselwano yamasango engqiqo kunye neetransistors. | Microprocessor, Digital logic amasango (KUNYE, OKANYE NAND), |
| IiSekethe ezixutyiweyo zemiqondiso | Iisekethe ze-Mixed-signal zesekethe ezidibeneyo ezibandakanya zombini i-analog kunye neesekethe zedijithali kwi-chip enye. Ezi zijikelezo ze-elektroniki zenza zombini iisignali ze-analog kunye nedijithali. Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinjengemodem, abamkeli, kunye nee-smartphones. | Iziguquli ze-Analog-to-digital (ADC), iziguquli zedijithali ukuya kwi-analog (DAC) |
| Ishicilelwe yiBhodi yeSekethe | Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo yindawo engeyiyo yokuqhubela phambili okanye ibhodi enemizila yokuhambisa efakwe kuyo. Luhlobo lwesekethe ye-elektroniki edibanisa amacandelo e-elektroniki. Kwitekhnoloji yanamhlanje, iiPCB zinendima ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe. I-PCBs inokuba yodwa, iphindwe kabini, okanye i-multi-layer, kuxhomekeke kubunzima kunye noyilo lwesekethe. | Iifowuni eziphathwayo, iikhompyutha, izixhobo zombane |
| IiSekethe ezinemigca | Isekethe ye-elektroniki iiparamitha zayo ezihlala zihleli kunye nexesha kwaye azitshintshi ngexabiso langoku okanye lombane kuthiwa yisekethe yomgca. Ilandela umthetho ka-Ohm. | I-Voltge Dividers, i-RC kunye ne-RL iisekethe |
| IiSekethe ezingezizo | Isekethe ye-nonlinear luhlobo lwesekethe ye-elektroniki iiparamitha zayo zitshintsha nge-voltage okanye yangoku. Ezi zijikelezo aziwuthobeli umthetho ka-Ohm. Imveliso yeesekethe ezingaqhelekanga azilingani negalelo elifana neesekethe zomgca. | Izilungisi, izandisi, iisekethe zengqiqo yeDijithali |
6. Uyila njani iiSekethe zoMbane
Xa uyila iisekethe ze-elektroniki, kukho amanyathelo ambalwa abalulekileyo ekufuneka alandelwe.
Ukuqonda iiSchematics zeSekethe
Izicwangciso zesekethe yigraphical emele isekethe ye-elektroniki ngokusebenzisa iisimboli ezisemgangathweni. Ukuqonda imizobo yesekethe okanye i-schematics kubalulekile ukuyila, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokuvavanya okanye ukulungisa iingxaki kwiisekethe ze-elektroniki.
Prototyping kunye Uyilo lwePCB
Emva kokuqonda i-schematics yesekethe, inyathelo lesibini lokuyila isekethe ye-elektroniki yiprototyping kunye noyilo lwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo. Iiprototypes zePCB ziisampulu zokuqala zezixhobo zombane ezenzelwe owona msebenzi uphambili wovavanyo. Izixhobo zombane kunye nabayili besekethe kunye nabavelisi bePCB basebenzisa iiprototypes ezahlukeneyo zePCB ukuvavanya imiba eyahlukeneyo yeesekethe zombane ezikhethiweyo.
Iindlela zokulungisa iingxaki kunye nokuLungisa
Xa izixhobo zombane zingasebenzi kakuhle, ke ukuchonga amacandelo anengxaki kwisekethe yinjongo yokuqala yabayili kunye neenjineli zombane. Ngokuqaphela izinto ezonakeleyo, ezingasebenzi kakuhle nezizaphukileyo, abaqulunqi banokuzitshintsha bafake ezisebenzayo ukuze zisetyenziswe kakuhle kwaye zisebenze.
7. UVavanyo kunye neZixhobo zoMlinganiselo kwiZixhobo zoMbane
Oscilloscope
I-oscilloscope sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukujonga iimpawu zamandla ombane ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ibonelele ngegraphical kunye nembonakalo yophawu lombane ngokuchasene nexesha. I-oscilloscope inceda ekuhlalutyeni iifomati zamaza, iifrikhwensi zomqondiso, ukuphendula okwethutyana, kunye nengxolo kwiisekethe zombane. waveform, ikuvumela ukuba ujonge kwaye ufunde indlela yokuziphatha kweenkqubo zombane. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwe-telecommunications kunye ne-elektroniki.
Imultimeter
I-multimeter sisixhobo sokuvavanya kunye nesixhobo sokulinganisa esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iiparamitha ezininzi zombane zesekethe ye-elektroniki, njengangoku, amandla ombane kunye nokumelana. Inokulinganisa i-AC kunye ne-DC yombane, yangoku, kunye nokuchasana kwii-ohms. I-multimeter ingasetyenziselwa ukujonga ukuqhubeka koqhagamshelwano oluphukileyo kwisixhobo sombane okanye isiphaluka. I-analog eqhelekileyo kunye ne-digital multimeter iboniswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
8. Usetyenziso lweZixhobo zoMbane kunye neeSekethe
- Izixhobo zombane zabathengi
- Ukuzibandakanya
- Iirobhothi kunye nobukrelekrele
- Izicelo zoNyango
izixhobo zombane zabathengi
Izixhobo zabathengi zizixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuzonwabisa, unxibelelwano, okanye iinjongo zolwazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zokuzonwabisa. Kwixesha lanamhlanje letekhnoloji, i-elektroniki yabathengi yenza ukuba ukunxibelelana nehlabathi ngee-smartphones kunye neelaptops. Imizekelo yee-electronics zabathengi zii-smartphones, iilaptops, ii-smartwatches, ii-headphones, ii-air conditioners, ii-oveni zemicrowave, njl.
Ukwenza oomatshini abazihambelayo
Ubunjineli bobuchwephesha kunye nezixhobo zinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamashishini. Iisekethe ze-elektroniki zilawula kwaye zibeke iliso kwiinkqubo zamashishini ezifana nobushushu, izinga lokuhamba, kunye noxinzelelo. Izixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe zandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiinkqubo zoshishino. Ikwavumela ukuzenzekelayo kunye neerobhothi kwiinkqubo zoshishino.
Iirobhothi kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa
Izixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe zisisiseko kwiirobhothi kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI). Inceda ekwenzeni izigqibo, ukuqonda, kunye nokulawulwa kweenzwa ezifana ne-infrared kunye ne-LiDAR. Iisekethe ze-elektroniki zifaka isandla kwintsimi yeerobhothi kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ngokucubungula inani elibanzi ledatha efunekayo ukuqeqesha kunye nokuhambisa i-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini kwiinkqubo zerobhothi.
Izixhobo zonyango
Njengamanye amasimi, izixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lezonyango kunye nezixhobo. Yenza ukuqhubela phambili kunyango, ukuxilongwa, kunye nokubeka iliso kwimpilo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zokujonga umfanekiso kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokubeka iliso. Izicelo kunye nemizekelo yezixhobo zombane kumayeza ngamashishini e-X-ray, oomatshini be-MRI, i-CT scans, i-ECG, i-EEG, i-biomedical sensors, iimonitha zeglucose yegazi, njl.
isiphelo
Izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye neesekethe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni ubomi bethu bube lula, ukubumba itekhnoloji yale mihla, kunye nokuphucula ukuhambela phambili kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zixhobo ziyilwe ngokusebenzisa amacandelo e-elektroniki anjenge-passive, asebenzayo, kunye namacandelo e-semiconductor asebenza kwiinkqubo zolawulo kunye nenkqubo yolwazi. Ukusuka kwiiselfowuni kunye nokucinga kwezonyango ukuya kwiisistim zamandla kunye ne-automation ye-industrial, iisekethe zombane zenza umqolo weenkqubo ezisebenzayo kunye nezinto ezintsha kubuchwephesha obutsha. Uyilo lwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo kunye neendlela zokusombulula ingxaki zibalulekile ekuphuhliseni isixhobo sombane esisebenzayo.
Wonderful PCB, i-electronics ehamba phambili kunye ne-PCB yokuvelisa i-brand, ibonelela ngezisombululo ze-elektroniki ezizezona kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili iteknoloji ye-elektroniki ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokwenziwa kwe-elektroniki ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neenkonzo zokwenza i-PCB kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
