Calaamadaha wareegga waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa shaxaha wareegga korantada iyo elektiroonigga ah, taas oo muujisa sida wareeggu isugu xiran yahay. Calaamadaha wareeggu waa qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee dhismaha iyo naqshadaynta wareeg kasta oo koronto ama elektaroonig ah. Tusmada sawireed ee qaybaha kala duwan ee korantada ee wareegga korantada ama jaantuska waxaa loo yaqaan calaamad koronto. Jaantuska wareeggu wuxuu ka kooban yahay calaamado badan oo wareeg ah sida iska caabiyeyaasha, capacitors, inductors, transistor, diodes, baytariyada, furayaasha iwm. Calaamad kasta oo wareeg ah waxay leedahay sifo iyo qiimo u gaar ah.
Maqaalkani wuxuu kaa caawin doonaa inaad akhrido, barato, oo aad fahamto calaamadaha wareegga inta badan loo isticmaalo falanqaynta iyo naqshadaynta jaantusyada wareegga.
2. Calaamadaha Korantada ee Caadiga ah ee Jadwalka
i. Calaamadaha Wareegga Isha Awoodda Korontada
Battery:
Batarigu waa qayb koronto oo bixisa kala duwanaansho awood koronto oo joogto ah (volt go'an) oo ku dhex jira terminalkeeda. Batarigu waxa uu ka kooban yahay unug(yo) kiimiko kiimiko ah oo si fudud tamarta kiimikaad ugu beddeli kara tamar koronto. Waa qayb xudun u ah wareegga. Waxaa jira saddex qaybood oo waaweyn oo baytariyada ah, kuwanuna waa electrolyte, cathode, iyo anode.
Isha Voltage DC
Nidaam kasta oo koronto ah, waxaa jira laba qaybood oo ilaha korantada ah, tusaale ahaan, ilaha tamarta DC iyo AC. Voltage DC macneheedu waa Voltage Toos ah. Waxa ay tilmaamaysaa isha danab leh polarity joogto ah oo bixiya DC hadda (DC). Sida caadiga ah, isha korantada DC ama korontada waxaa bixiya baytariyada. Laakiin mararka qaarkood waxaad isticmaali kartaa unugyada shidaalka iyo unugyada cadceedda ujeeddo isku mid ah.
Isha Voltage AC
Isha danabka AC waxaa loola jeedaa ilo danab hadda jira oo beddelan. Baaxadda korantada AC way isbedbedeshaa, korantaduna had iyo jeer ma sii wado joogto ah. Korontada ama isbedbedelka korantada waxaa sababa aaladaha korantada ee ku xiran isha danabka AC. Astaanta wareegga ee isha korantada AC ee qaabka wareegga wareegga waa sida soo socota.
Ground:
Dejinta wareegyada korantada waxay ka ilaalinaysaa qalabkaaga elegtarooniga ah iyo wareegyada wareegyada gaaban, cilladaha, ama culeyska koronto kasta. Ku-soo-dejinta qaab-dhismeedka korantada waxay ku siinaysaa waddo-iska-caabbinta hooseeya ee qulqulka cilladaha sarreeya si ay ugu qulqulaan dhulka taasoo ilaalinaysa nidaamkaaga korontada ama qalabkaaga. Haddii aan dhulka la dhigin, wareegga korantada ama nidaamka ayaa dhaawacmi doona. Astaanta koronto ee guud ee dhulka waxaa loo bixiyaa sida soo socota.
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ii. Calaamadaha Korontada Dadban
Caabida:
resistor waa curiye dadban oo ku jira wareegga korantada kaas oo nidaamiya socodka korantada ee wareeg kasta oo koronto ama elegtaroonig ah. Iska caabbigu wuxuu cunaa awoodda. Taasi waa sababta loogu yeero qayb koronto aan caadi ahayn. Calaamadda wareegga ugu caansan ee resistor waa xariiqda zigzag sida soo socota.
Capacitors:
Capacitors waa qaybo koronto oo dadban oo ka kooban laba ama in ka badan oo taariko ah oo ah wax lagu sameeyo oo ay kala soocaan walxo dielectric ah (insulator). Ujeedada capacitor ee qaabaynta korantada waa in lagu kaydiyo tamarta qaab kharashyo koronto oo soo saara kala duwanaansho suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan saxanadeeda. Capacitors ayaa sidoo kale si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka guddiga wareegyada daabacan iyo isu imaatinka. Awoodda capacitor waxaa lagu tilmaamaa L. Calaamadda wareegga ugu caansan ee loo isticmaalo capacitor waa.
Inductors:
Inductor waa qayb koronto oo laba-terminal ah oo ka hortagta isbeddelka degdegga ah ee hadda. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan chokes ama gariiradda. Inductor-ku wuxuu kaydiyaa tamarta qaab goob elektromagnetic ah. Surface mount inductors (SM) ayaa lagu rakibay dusha sare ee looxa wareegga daabacan ee suufka, halka dalool (TH) inductors lagu dhejiyo dusha sare ee PCB oo leh tilmaamo lagu quudiyo iyada oo loo marayo godadka boodhka wareegga daabacan. Calaamadda wareegga aasaasiga ah ee inductor waxaa lagu muujiyey sida soo socota.
iii. Gawaarida, Relays & Transformer
Furaha:
Habka korantada, furaha waa qayb furta ama xidha wareegga. Furitaanka wareegga macnaheedu waa in wareegga laga damiyo nidaamka korontada, halka xiritaanka wareegga macnaheedu yahay samaynta socodka hadda iyo isku xirka wareegga korontada. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo furaha furaha ah, sida Hal Tiir Hal Tuur ah (SPST), Hal Tiir Laba Jibaaran, Tuur Laba-jibbaaran (DPST), iyo Double-Pole Double Throw (DPDT).
Relays iyo Transformers Astaanta Wareega:
Nidaamka korantada, Transformer waa aalad aan fiicneyn oo ku wareejisa tamarta korantada iyada oo loo marayo kicinta korantada. Shaqada aasaasiga ah ee transformer-ku waa inuu kor u kaco ama hoos u dhigo tamarta. Transformer-ku waxa uu noqon karaa hal waji ama saddex waji. Waxay u taagan tahay wareegga korantada ama nidaamka korontada sida:
Relays wareegyada korantada dhab ahaantii waa furayaal furan ama xira wareegyada si elektaroonik ah ama koronto ahaan. Relay-gu wuxuu u shaqeeyaa si toos ah marka uu helo calaamadaha ilaha dibadda. Relays-ka waxaa caadi ahaan loo adeegsadaa nidaamyada automation-ka warshadaha, qalabka guriga, nidaamyada HVAC, iwm. Astaanta wareegga caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo gudbinta qaab-dhismeedka wareegga waa:
3. Calaamadaha Wareegga Elektarooniga ah ee Caadiga ah
i. Diodes iyo Transistor (Calamadaha Elektrooniga ee Firfircoon)
Diode, Zener Diode, LED:
Diode waa qalab elektaroonik ah oo laba-terminal ah oo u shaqeeya sidii beddelka hal-wad ee hadda. Waxay caadi ahaan ka samaysan tahay silikoon waxayna u ogolaataa hadda hal jiho. Marka diode loo isticmaalo rectifier ahaan, ka dibna waxay u beddeshaa danab AC ilaa DC. Calaamadda wareegga guud ee loo isticmaalo diode waa sida soo socota:
Zener diode waa nooc gaar ah oo diode ah oo u ogolaanaya hadda jihada rogaal celiska ah marka danab gaar ah (voltka bilowga) la dhaafo. Habka dib u habeynta hadda ee Zener diode waxaa loo yaqaan saameynta Zener. Matalaadda astaanta wareegga ee diode Zener waa:
Diode iftiin bixiya (LED) sidoo kale waa qalab semiconductor ah oo iftiimiya iftiinka marka hadda uu dhex maro. Habkan LED-ka waxaa loo yaqaan electroluminescence. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyada ballaaran.
Isgoysyada Bipolar Transistor (BJT):
Laba-cirifoodka transistor-ka (BJT) waa semiconductor, xaalad adag, qalab hadda la kantaroolo. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba isgoysyada PN oo isku xira saddexda terminal ee loo yaqaan Emitter, Base, and Collector terminal. Habaynta saddexdan lakab ayaa kala saaraya labada nooc ee ugu waaweyn ee BJT, ie, NPN iyo PNP.
The NPN transistor waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba-n-nooca semiconductors oo ay kala soocaan lakab khafiif ah oo p-nooca ah.
Inkastoo transistors PNP waxay ka kooban yihiin laba nooc-p-semiconductors oo ay kala soocaan lakab khafiif ah oo n-nooca ah.
MOSFET:
Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) waa transistor saamayn goobeed leh qaab dhismeed MOS ah. Waa aalad saddex-terminal ah oo leh albaabbada (G), Isha (S), iyo biyo-mareennada (D). MOSFET asal ahaan waxa loo istcimaalaa dabeed ahaan, qalabka hadda lagu kontoroolo danab, ama cod-weyneeye ahaan. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo MOSFET ah, ie, N-Channel iyo P-Channel.
ii. Isku-dhafan wareegyada iyo kontaroolayaasha yaryar
Cod-weyneeye Hawleed (Op-Amp):
Cod-weyneeye-hawleedku waa wareeg isku-dhafan oo kor u qaadi kara calaamadaha daciifka ah ama farqiga u dhexeeya labada qalab. Op Amp waxay kordhisaa calaamadaha DC iyo AC labadaba.
Albaabka macquulka ah:
Albaabka macquulka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo hawlgallo macquul ah iyadoo la siinayo fikrado iyo bixinta wax soo saarka 0 ama 1 iyadoo ku xiran nooca iyo gelinta albaabka la bixiyay. Hawlgalka albaabada macquulka ah waxay ku salaysan yihiin xisaab ama aljabra Boolean. Qaar ka mid ah calaamadaha wareegga albaabka macquulka ah ee ugu weyn waa sida soo socota.
Xakamaynta yar yar:
Microcontroller waa hal unug isku dhafan (IC) oo leh astaamo u dhexeeya unug farsamayneed dhexe oo u dhexeeya 4-bit ilaa 32 ama 64-bit processors. Microcontrollers waxaa loo isticmaalaa nidaamyada xakamaynta warshadaha, elektiroonigga, aaladaha IoT, iwm.
4. Sida loo akhriyo oo loo fahmo Calaamadaha Wareegga & Nidaamyada Wareegga
Fahamka calaamadaha wareegga waa muhiim si ay u matalaan naqshadaha korantada iyo elektiroonigga ah. Calaamadahani waxay caawiyaan injineerada korantada, naqshadeeyayaasha PCB, soosaarayaasha qalabka elegtarooniga ah, iyo farsamayaqaanada inay si sahal ah u falanqeeyaan una naqshadeeyaan wareegyada. Waxaad u fahmi kartaa calaamadaha wareegga iyo jaantusyada sida soo socota:
- Aqoonso isha korontada ee laga yaabo inay noqoto AC ama DC.
- Aqoonso socodka hadda, ie, marinnada togan iyo kuwa taban ee wareegga.
- Raadi qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee wareegga, ie, resistors, capacitors, iyo inductors.
- Faham isku xirka wareegga, kaas oo noqon kara mid taxane ah ama barbar socda.
- Raadi qiyamka qaybaha, tusaale, 10kΩ resistor, 100µF capacitor, 50µH, iwm.
- Aqoonso calaamadaha xakamaynta, dariiqyada jawaab celinta ama socodka xogta ee jaantuska wareegga.
6. Sida Loo Isticmaalo Calaamadaha Wareegga ee Mashaariicda Dhabta ah
Waxaad isticmaali kartaa calaamadaha wareegga mashruucaaga dhabta ah adiga oo sharaxaya qaabka wareegga iyo aqoonsiga qaybaha wareegga. Kadibna soo ururi qaybaha wareegga iyadoo ku saleysan qiimahooda iyo qeexitaankooda. Ku dhis, falanqee, oo tijaabi wareeggaaga korantada ama elektiroonigga ah ee sabuuradda rootiga adoo isticmaalaya isku xirka fiilooyinka wareegga.
Marka la xaqiijiyo, isticmaal software-ka naqshadaynta PCB si aad wareeggaaga ugu beddelato qaabaynta guddiga wareegga daabacan, adiga oo hubinaya marin-u-helid sax ah iyo meelaynta qaybaha. Mashruucaaga PCB ee xirfadlaha ah, Wonderful PCB waxay kaa caawin kartaa inaad u beddesho schematics-kaaga loox wareeg ah oo daabacan oo tayo sare leh.
Ugu Dambeyn
Calaamadaha wareegga waxay muhiim u yihiin fahamka, naqshadeynta, iyo cilad-saarka jaantusyada wareegga. Calaamadaha wareegga ee jaantuska wareegga waxay caawiyaan injineerada korantada, PCB naqshadeeyayaasha, iyo soosaarayaasha elektiroonigga ah si ay u falanqeeyaan dabeecadda wareegga oo ay naqshadeeyaan nidaamka korantada ama qalabka elektaroonigga ah. Markaad fahamto calaamadaha wareegga, waxaad si wax ku ool ah u shaqayn kartaa oo aad u maarayn kartaa nidaamkaaga korantada iyo korantada. Wonderful PCB ayaa kuu soo jeedin doona calaamadaha wareegga saxda ah ee mashruucaaga elektiroonigga ah iyo naqshadeynta guddiga wareegtada daabacan.
