1. Nhanganyaya kuPCB Makomba
PCB, kana kudhindwa redunhu bhodhi, chinhu chakakosha chikamu kana chivakwa chekuvaka chekugadzira dunhu pane izvo zvakasiyana zvedunhu zvakabatanidzwa. Asi chinonyanya kukosha chePCB bhodhi kugadzira uye kubata zvese zvikamu pabhodhi mhando dzakasiyana dzemakomba dzinogadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana uye maitiro. Mhando imwe neimwe yegomba ine maitiro ayo ekugadzira uye kushanda kushanda. Basa guru remakomba nderekuita kuti zvive nyore kuti zvikamu zvigadzikane pabhodhi, zvichipa simba uye rakavimbika magetsi ekubatanidza uye simba rekugadzirisa kwePCB board. Muchidzidzo ichi, isu tichavhara akasiyana marudzi ePCB maburi akakosha kune chaiyo PCB dhizaini uye kugadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveprojekiti. Saka ngatitangei!
2. Mhando dzePCB Holes
2.1 Yakaputirwa Nemaburi (PTH)
Yakaputirwa nemakomba, anozivikanwawo se electroless plating mhangura. Aya maburi anodonhedzwa kuburikidza nebhodhi uye akarongwa nerubatsiro rwemhangura, iyo inofambisa zvinhu. Tin kana goridhe rinoshandiswa pakuisa lining plating iyo inobatsira kugadzira kubatana pakati pePCB board layer.
Basa remaburi aya nderekuita magetsi ekubatanidza pakati pePCB board layers akasiyana kana zvikamu zvakabatana nebhodhi. Makomba aya anobatsirawo pakupa kushorwa kwakaderera kwechikamu chinotungamira uye waya dzemhangura uye kuwedzera PCB gungano remagetsi kugadzikana.
Plated-kuburikidza nemaburi anobatsirawo pakuita hukama hwakasimba pakati pekaviri-sided board kana multilayer board layer.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwePTHs kuri mune resin copper plating, copper plating, kana diamond plating yemhangura.
2.2 Zvisina-Plated through-Holes (NPTH)
Mumhando iyi yegomba rePCB, hapana mhangura inoshandiswa sekuisa pamadziro egomba; semugumisiro, mabhomba egomba haana maitiro ekufambisa kana magetsi. Izvo zvakanakisa kushandisa uko bhodhi rinouya nemakwara emhangura kune rimwe divi, asi haisi sarudzo yakanaka kune akawanda-layer mapuranga sezvo kushandiswa kwemaburi aya kunoderedza kuwanda kwezvikamu zvebhodhi.
Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwemakomba aya inzira iri nyore uye inokurumidza uye inoshandiswa pakushandisa maburi ekugadzirisa mapuranga panzvimbo yekushanda. Iwo zvakare akagadzirirwa screws kana bhaudhi-senge zvikamu, kuchengetedza uye kushandiswa senge singi yekupisa yekupisa kupisa.
2.3Half maburi
Iwo hafu maburi ari muPCB board, anonziwo ndiro hafu maburi kana makomba ane castelated, anoboorwa zvishoma nemumakomba akagadzirwa kumucheto kwebhodhi, uye maburi aya anogayiwa pakati. Makomba aya anoshandiswa solder imwe PCB pane huru bhodhi. Nemashoko akareruka, ita hukama pakati pemapuranga maviri akaparadzana, uye ndiwo chikamu chikuru chepamusoro-density component. Nekubatanidzwa kweBluetooth pane imwe bhodhi, akaputirwa-kuburikidza nemakomba anoshandiswa.
2.3 Via Makomba
Chinangwa chikuru Via maburi kuita simba magetsi kubatana kune akasiyana akaturikidzana PCB mapuranga uyewo kushandiswa plated kuburikidza-gomba chinoumba kubatana, etc. Kubatana kwakasiyana akaturikidzana multilayer mapuranga kuburikidza vias kunobatsira kurerutsa chiratidzo kuyerera pakati akaturikidzana uye akabatana zvinoriumba.
Mapofu Vias
The mapofu vias bhodhi anogadzirwa kubva kumusoro kana pasi akaturikidzana kuti romukati akaturikidzana uye regai kupfuura zvachose mupuranga sezvinoita plated kuburikidza vias. Mune maonero aya, hatigone kuona rimwe divi rebhodhi.
Aya vias anogadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemichina yekuchera muitiro, uye dzimwe nguva lasers inoshandiswa kudhiza bofu vias. Pakuchera izvi kuburikidza nemhando, ita shuwa kuti chiyero chazvo chakakwana. Pamwe ibasa rakaoma, asi isu tinogona kudhiraivha mapofu akananga pabhodhi.
Kunyanya kushandiswa kwemapofu vias ndiko kuita chinongedzo kune imwe yekunze layer ine shoma yeimwe yemukati layer. The Aspect reshiyo nokuti vias izvi 1:1 kana hombe.
The mapofu vias chikamu HDI PCB kugadzira, asi iva nechokwadi chokuti bhodhi kuti ane bofu vias haisi nguva dzose HDI PCB.
Kuvigwa vias
Ma "vias" akavigwa anogadzirwa pakati pe "layer" dzemukati dzePCB board, uye aya haaonekwe kubva kunze kwebhodhi. Chinangwa chikuru che "vias" idzi ndechekubatanidza pakati pe "layer" mbiri kana kupfuura dzemukati. Padanho rega rega rekubatanidza, tsanangura maburi semafaira ekuboorera akasiyana.
Chiyero chechikamu chekuvigwa vias chiri 1:12 kana kupfuura.
Maererano ne IPC mitemo, iyo yakakurudzirwa dhayamita yebofu vias uye yakavigwa vias haisi yakakura kudarika 6 mils.
Yakaturikidzana Vias
Stack vias vari bofu vias kana kuvigwa vias kuti anoshandiswa kuita kubatana pakati siyana bhodhi akaturikidzana anopfuura matatu redunhu akaturikidzana. The akaturikidzana vias kuuya maviri kana kupfuura vias configured pamusoro mumwe kuti kuyambuka akawanda akaturikidzana mapuranga.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwemaas akaturikidzana ari mumabhodhi akawanda uye zvakare mumabhodhi eHDI. Magadzirirwo eakaturikidzana vias akadai kuti vaise imwe neimwe murwi inogadziriswa neimwe yemukati layer yebhodhi.
Chinhu chikuru cheiyi vias ndechekupa kuenderera mberi kwemagetsi ekubatanidza muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Mapurojekiti ayo nzvimbo ishoma asi yakaoma dhizaini yakaturikidzana vias inoshandiswa.
Akadzedzereka Vias
Iyo yakadzedzereka vias inogadzirwa kana akasiyana PCB bhodhi layer vias akabatana asi asingapindire. Iyo yakadzedzereka vias inouya neakawanda vias mukubatana kwakadaro kusina hukama hwakananga kubva pakuboora matemo akasiyana.
Iyo yakadzedzereka vias inoita zigzag patani pabhodhi kana isu tichiona bhodhi kubva kune chero divi. Iwo mashandisirwo makuru eakadzikama vias ari muHDI mabhodhi uye multilayer PCBs.
Skip Vias
Iyi kuburikidza inodarika akawanda akaturikidzana ebhodhi asi haina chero magetsi ekubatanidza nechero layer. Skip vias inogona kupindana vias, bofu vias, kana kuvigwa vias. Aya vias akakosha kune HDI bhodhi pakugadzira compact uye yakaoma maseketi. Svetuka vias kuita vertical magetsi kubatana pakati pebhodhi akaturikidzana anoita dense chikamu kurongedza uye kuderedza chiratidzo nzira kureba.
Vias-in-Pad
Via mupedhi imhando isingawande yePCB vias, uye mune iyi dhizaini, iyo vias inogadzirwa zvakananga pasi pepamusoro pechikomo chechikamu padhi pane routing inoteedzera nezve padhi. Kuburikidza nekubatana kwechikamu chepedhi pazvikamu zvepamusoro nemukati webhodhi.
The chikuru zvinhu zvinobatsira kushandisa vias izvi kuti vanopa nyore routing uye kudzora parasitic inductance. Chakashata chayo ndechekuti panguva yekudzokororwa, solder solder paste inopfuura nepavias uye inokanganisa soldering paPCB pad.
2.4 Kumusoro Makomba
Makomba ekukwira anogadzirwa muPCB kupa mapoinzi ekumisikidza bhodhi nechassis. Aya maburi ane hukuru hukuru kupfuura mamwe maburi marudzi ebhodhi uye anowanzo gadzirwa pamakona ebhodhi. Nekuita hukama hwakasimba uye hwakagadzikana pakati pebhodhi uye zvikamu zvinosungirirwa, mapepa emhangura anoshandiswa kumativi ose emagetsi.
2.5 Countersink uye Counterbore Holes
Counterbore maburi anogadzirirwa mabhaudhi kana masiruuru uye anouya nemisoro-yakadzika-pasi ine hukuru hukuru kana ichienzaniswa nemadhizaini ekukurisa. Maburi aya anouya nemaburi maviri edhayamita, dhayamita hombe kumusoro kwekubata musoro wesiruu uye dhayamita diki rekuva nesiruu kana bhaudhi muviri.
Macountersinks anoshandiswa kune maapplications panodiwa screws kuve nemisoro yakatemwa. Aya maburi anogadzirwa pakona yeconical zvinoenderana netaper yescrew yekumusoro kwemusoro iyo inobatsira screw kuti igare yakanyungudika pabhodhi pamusoro. Pakugadzira countersinks, kazhinji 82 kana 90 madhigirii ekubooresa anoshandiswa.
mufananidzo Countersink uye Counterbore Holes
2.6 Fiducial Makomba (Makomba Makomba)
Fiducial maburi, anonzi alignment holes, madiki-madiki uye akatsanangurwa maburi akacherwa pabhodhi ayo anoshandiswa senge mareferenzi ezvishandiso zvekugadzira otomatiki. Chinhu chavo chikuru ndechekupa kurongeka kwakaringana pane dzimwe nguva dzezvikamu zvakasiyana, senge component yekubatanidza, stencil process, uye kuyedza, izvo zvinoita kuti zvese zvikamu pabhodhi zvakabatana nemazvo pakusangana kwebhodhi.
Mufananidzo: Fiducial maburi
2.7 Special PCB Hole Types
- Stamp Holes
Makomba echitambi, anonziwo maburi anotsemuka, maburi madiki-diki akagadzirwa mukutevedzana kana mutsara ane mipendero yebhodhi redunhu rega rega mupanera. Maburi aya anoita semicheto yezvitambi, saka anozivikanwa semaburi echitambi. Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwemakomba aya ndeye PCB depanelization. Mukuita depanelizing process, bhodhi rimwechete rinopatsanurwa kubva pane hombe panhi. Iyo nzira inoshandiswa kuwedzera kushanda kwekugadzira uye kuderedza mari.
3. PCB Gomba Dhizaini Kufunga
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvePCB gomba dhizaini zvakanyorwa pano.
Gomba Saizi & Aspect Ratio
Kukosha kwehukuru hwegomba kunobva pamaitiro ekuchera uye chiyero chebhodhi. Huyero hwekudzika kwegomba kusvika kudhayamita yegomba inodaidzwa kuti aspect ratio.
| Drilling Technique | Min. Hole Diameter | Max. Aspect ratio |
| Mechanical Drilling | 0.2 mamirimita | 10:1 |
| Laser Drilling (Microvias) | 0.075 mamirimita | 1: 1 ku1.5: 1 |
| Chemical Etching | ~50µm | ~ 1: 1 |
| EDM (Electric Discharge) | 0.1 mamirimita | 5:1 |
| Ultrasonic Drilling | 0.2 mamirimita | 5:1 |
Drill Tolerance & Annular Ring Details
Mhete ye annular imhangura inovhara pamusoro pegomba rakaputirwa. Kana pasina upamhi hwakakodzera hwemhete, inokonzera nyaya dzekuvimbika kwebhodhi.
| Hukuru hwegomba (mm) | Drill Tolerance (± mm) | Min Annular Ring (mm) |
| ≤ 0.3 | ± 0.025 | 0.1 |
| 0.3 - 0.6 | ± 0.05 | 0.15 |
| > 0.6 | ± 0.075 | 0.2 |
Plating Kukora kwePTH & Vias
The plating ukobvu maererano dhizaini zvinodiwa inopa yakanaka michina simba bhodhi uye magetsi conductivity.
| mwena | Copper Plating Ukobvu | Standard |
| Yakaputirwa neburi (PTH) | 25 - 50 µm | IPC-6012 |
| Microvia (HDI) | 5 - 25 µm | IPC-6016 |
| Bofu/Kuvigwa Via | 15 - 30 µm | IPC-6012 |
| Vias-in-Pad | 25 - 50 µm (yakazadzwa, yakaputirwa) | IPC-4761 |
zvinhu
Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvebhodhi kunokanganisawo kurongeka kwegomba
| zvinhu | Drilling Feature |
| FR-4 | Iine zvibodzwa zviri nyore uye inogona kubata nyore marudzi ese emakomba |
| High-TG FR-4 | Kugadzira maburi mune ino dhiri mabhiti akasimba anoshandiswa |
| Aluminium PCBs | CNC routing kana madhiri akakosha anoshandiswa kugadzira maburi mubhodhi iri. |
| Ceramic PCBs | ultrasonic kana laser drilling inoshandiswa kugadzira maburi mumabhodhi e ceramic |
| Flexible PCBs | kemikari etching kana laser drilling inoshandiswa |
4. Mabasa ePCB Makomba
Kubatana Kwemagetsi Pakati Pematanho
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwemaburi muPCB mabhodhi kuita magetsi ekubatanidza pakati pePCB akaturikidzana. Zvakadai sekuputirwa nemaburi zvinobatsira kutumira chiratidzo uye simba kubva kune rimwe divi kuenda kune rimwe divi rebhodhi.
Mapofu, akavigwa, uye kuburikidza-gomba vias anobatsira kugadzira multilayer kubatanidza kune HDI PCB mabhodhi.
Kune yakakwirira-kumhanya chiratidzo chekufambisa mune akasiyana compact dhizaini, micro vias inoshandiswa.
Component Mounting
Kunyanya yekubatanidza zvinhu pabhodhi kuburikidza ne-gomba mounting tekinoroji, kana THT inoshandisa kuburikidza-yakapfatwa maburi echikamu chinotungamira soldering nekupinza mumakomba.
PCB maburi anoitawo hukama hwakasimba nebhodhi kana ichienzaniswa neSMT. Makomba akanakira kubatana kweakakwira-simba zvikamu semakoniki uye capacitor.
Kupisa Kupisa
Makomba ePCB anobatawo kupisa kwekupisa kunogadzirwa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana pabhodhi uye kudzivirira kupisa. Thermal vias anobatsira kuyerera kupisa kubva kunopisa zvikamu kusvika kune kupisa singi. Nepo vias ari Pedhi kuwedzera kupisa dissipation kuburikidza nokudzora kupisa kuramba.
5. Common Issues pamwe PCB Makomba uye Sei Dzivisa Them
Hole Misalignment
- Mune ino yekukanganisa gomba chinzvimbo, haina kuenderana nezvinodiwa uye inokonzeresa kukanganisa kwekubatanidza mapedhi echikamu uye mukati memukati. Chikanganiso ichi mhedzisiro yekudimburwa kwemagetsi kana nzira dzisina kunaka dzekutengesa.
- Izvo zvinoitikawo nekuda kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu zvebhodhi panguva yekugadzira.
- Kuti udzivise nyaya iyi, shandisa fiducial mamaki panzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa uye shandisa zvemhando yepamusoro kudzivirira kuwedzera/kudhonzwa.
- Kana uri kushanda pamabhodhi akawanda, shandisa X-ray alignment yekutarisa maficha.
Insufficient Annular Ring
- Muchikanganiso ichi, pedhi yemhangura nezvemakomba haisi zvinodiwa kana saizi diki inobata ma mechanika uye magetsi maficha. Somugumisiro, matunhu akazaruka kana majoini asina simba ekutengesa anogadzirwa pabhodhi.
- Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, isa annular details. Shandisa saizi yakakodzera yepedhi kune zvidiki zvisizvo.
Inopindirana Drill Holes
- Muchikanganiso ichi, maburi akawanda anoboora anopindirana, kugadzira dhizaini yakaipa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuputika kwemhangura uye delamination kunoitika.
- Izvo zvinoitika nekuda kwekusarongeka kwegomba mukugadzirwa kwebhodhi.
- Shandisa maburi akaenzana uye mabheti akakura kudzivirira kupindirana.
Zvisizvo Gomba Saizi
- Muchikanganiso ichi, maburi akakura uye madiki saizi uye anokanganisa kupinza kwechikamu. Kukanganisa uku kunokanganisa pane soldering maficha nekubatanidza magetsi.
- Kukanganisa uku kunokonzerwa nekutadza kudhiraivha saizi mumafaira eGerber uye kutadza kweplating ukobvu.
- Kuti ugadzirise nyaya iyi, tevera chiyero chegomba saizi zvichienderana nekukosha kwakatsanangurwa. uye kuseta plating ukobvu.
mhedziso
Iyo PCB gomba ndicho chinhu chikuru chePCB dhizaini uye kushanda kwayo mune chero zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemapurojekiti. Aya maburi akakosha pakupa kubatana kwemagetsi pakati pematanho akasiyana emapuranga uye simba remagetsi. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ePCB makomba, akadai seasina-akaputirwa kuburikidza-makomba, akaputirwa kuburikidza-makomba, uye kuburikidza nemakomba akadai kuburikidza-mugomba vias, bofu vias, kuvigwa vias, microvias, etc. Mumwe nomumwe anouya nezvinhu zvayo uye kukosha kwePCB bhodhi kugadzira uye kushanda. Imwe neimwe mhando yePCB gomba ine magadzirirwo ayo uye maficha, asi chinangwa chikuru chinoshandiswa mubhodhi kugadzira magetsi kubatanidza pakati pePCB akaturikidzana, chikamu chinokwira, uye kugadzira kubatanidza nekunze kwezvikamu pabhodhi. Mabhodhi ePCB ekare anouya ane maburi-akawanda akaputirwa-kuburikidza nemakomba ekukwira nepakati-mugomba zvinhu, uye nekudiwa kwakanyanya kwemabhodhi e-high-density mabhodhi ikozvino zvinoreva kuti vagadziri vari kushandisa pamusoro-pamugomo zvinhu zvisina kuputira-kuburikidza nemakomba. Kune yakakwirira-density miniature vias, yakadhirowewa ne lasers inoshandiswa.
