PCB Layout Ongorora Cheki

nhamba

Kurongwa nechikamu

Technical specification content

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

PCB wiring uye dhizaini yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe: yakasimba uye isina kusimba ikozvino yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, yakakura uye diki voltage yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, yakakwira uye yakaderera frequency kuparadzaniswa, kuisa uye kubuda kwega, yedhijitari analog yekuzviparadzanisa, kupinza uye kubuda yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, muganho chiyero chiyero chimwe chehukuru mutsauko. Nzira dzekuzviparadzanisa dzinosanganisira: kupatsanura nzvimbo uye kupatsanurwa kwewaya yepasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo crystal oscillator inofanirwa kunge iri padyo neIC sezvinobvira, uye wiring inofanira kunge yakakora

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Crystal oscillator goko kugadzika

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana waya yewachi ichibuda kuburikidza nekubatanidza, mapini ari pachokubatanidza anofanira kuzadzwa nemapini epasi akatenderedza mapini ewachi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Rega iwo analogi uye dhijitari maseketi ave nesimba rawo uye nzira dzepasi zvakateerana. Kana zvichibvira, simba uye pasi pezvikamu zviviri izvi zvedunhu zvinofanira kuwedzerwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kana kuti simba rakaparadzana uye zvidimbu zvepasi zvinofanira kushandiswa kuderedza impedance yesimba uye pasi zvishwe uye kuderedza chero kupindira kwemagetsi angave ari musimba uye pasi zvishwe.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo analog ivhu uye yedhijitari yePCB inoshanda zvakasiyana inogona kubatanidzwa pane imwe nzvimbo padyo nenzvimbo yekumisa system. Kana magetsi emagetsi achienderana, simba remagetsi eanalog nedhijitari rinogona kubatanidzwa pane imwe nzvimbo pamusuwo wemagetsi. Kana magetsi emagetsi asingaenderane, 1 ~ 2nf capacitor yakabatana pedyo nemagetsi maviri kuti ipe nzira yechiratidzo chekudzoka ikozvino pakati pemagetsi maviri.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana iyo PCB ikaiswa mubhodhi reamai, magetsi uye pasi reanalogi uye dijitari maseketi ebhodhi reamai anofanirawo kupatsanurwa. Iyo analog pasi uye ivhu redhijitari zvakadzikwa panzvimbo yekugadzika kwebhodhi reamai. Iyo magetsi inosungirirwa pane imwe nzvimbo padyo neiyo system grounding point. Kana simba rekupa magetsi richienderana, simba remagetsi eanalog uye digital circuits rinobatanidzwa pane imwe nzvimbo pamusuwo wemagetsi. Kana magetsi emagetsi asingaenderane, 1 ~ 2nf capacitor yakabatana pedyo nemagetsi maviri kuti ipe nzira yechiratidzo chekudzoka ikozvino pakati pemagetsi maviri.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana yakakwirira-kumhanya, yepakati-kumhanya uye yakaderera-yekumhanyisa dhijitari maseketi akasanganiswa, anofanirwa kupihwa nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemarongerwo pabhodhi rakadhindwa redunhu.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Yakaderera-level analog maseketi uye dijitari logic maseketi anofanirwa kupatsanurwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchigadzira multilayer yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi, iyo ndege yemagetsi inofanira kunge iri pedyo nendege yepasi uye yakarongeka pasi pepasi pasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchigadzira bhodhi rakadhindwa rakawanda, iyo wiring layer inofanira kurongeka padyo nendege yese yesimbi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchigadzira bhodhi rakadhindwa rakawanda, paradzanisa dhijitari yedhijitari uye analogi wedunhu, uye ronga dhijitari redunhu uye analogi wedunhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana kana mamiriro achibvumidza. Kana vachifanira kurongeka pauriri humwe chete, mushonga wacho unogona kuwanikwa nekuchera migero, kuwedzera mitsetse yepasi, nekuiparadzanisa. Iyo analog uye yedhijitari pasi uye magetsi emagetsi anofanirwa kuparadzaniswa uye haagone kusanganiswa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Clock circuits uye high-frequency circuits ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kukanganisa uye nemwaranzi. Iwo anofanirwa kurongeka akaparadzana uye kure nemasekete anonzwira tsitsi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Teerera kune waveform kukanganisa panguva refu-mutsara kutapurirana

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nzira yakanakisa yekudzikisa iyo loop nzvimbo yekuvhiringidza masosi uye maseketi anonzwisa tsitsi ndeye kushandisa mapeya akamonyoroka uye waya dzakavharidzirwa, kumonyorora mutsara wechiratidzo uye mutsara wepasi (kana ikozvino-inotakura loop) pamwe chete kuderedza chinhambwe pakati pechiratidzo uye mutsara wepasi (kana ikozvino-inotakura loop)

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Wedzera chinhambwe pakati pemitsetse kuti uderedze mutual inductance pakati pekupindira sosi uye mutsara wakamisikidzwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana zvichibvira, ita mutsara wekupindira uye mutsara wakakonzerwa pamakona ekurudyi (kana pedyo nemakona chaiwo), izvo zvinogona kuderedza zvikuru kubatana pakati pemitsara miviri.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuwedzera chinhambwe pakati pemitsara ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekudzikisa capacitive coupling

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Pamberi pekugadzira wiring, poindi yekutanga ndeyekurongedza mitsetse. Iyo huru yekuisa nzira yakavakirwa pachiyero chesimba, ine yega yega 30dB simba nhanho yakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Waya dzemhando dzakasiyana dzinofanira kuunganidzwa uye kuiswa zvakasiyana. Waya dzezvikamu zviri padyo dzinogona zvakare kuiswa pamwechete mushure mekutora matanho akadai sekudzivirira kana kumonyorora. Chinhambwe chidiki pakati peakaisirwa wiring harnesses ndeye 50 ~ 75mm

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchiisa kunze resistors, iyo kuwana yekudzora resistors uye bias resistors (kudhonza-ups uye kudhonza-pasi) yeamplifier, kudhonza-kumusoro uye kudhonza-pasi uye voltage-kudzikamisa rectifier masekete anofanirwa kunge ari padyo sezvinobvira kune amplifier, midziyo inoshanda, masimba avo uye pasi kudzikisa mhedzisiro yavo yekubvisa (kuvandudza chinguva chekupindura nguva).

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Bypass capacitors akaiswa padyo neiyo magetsi ekuisa

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Decoupling capacitors anoiswa pane simba rekuisa. Sepedyo sezvinobvira kune yega yega IC

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Basic maitiro ePCB Impedance: Inotemerwa nemhando yemhangura uye muchinjiko-chikamu nzvimbo. Kunyanya: 1 ounce 0.49 milliohms / unit nzvimbo
Capacitance: C=EoErA/h, Eo: free space dielectric constant, Er: PCB substrate dielectric constant, A: parizvino kusvika, h: trace spacing
Inductance: Yakaenzana yakagoverwa mu wiring, inenge 1nH / m
Kune gumi maounces ewaya yemhangura, iri pasi pe10mm (0.25mil) gobvu FR10 inokunguruka, 4mm yakafara uye 0.5mm kureba waya iri pamusoro pepasi pasi inogona kuburitsa 20 milliohms ye impedance, 9.8nH inductance uye 20pF yekubatanidza kugona nepasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nheyo dzekutanga dzePCB wiring: Wedzera nzvimbo pakati pematanho kuderedza crosstalk ye capacitive coupling; Rongedza tambo dzemagetsi uye mitsara yepasi mukuwirirana kukwidziridza PCB capacitance; Taya mitsara inonzwisisika yepamusoro-frequency kure netambo dzemagetsi dzine ruzha; Wedzera tambo dzemagetsi uye mitsara yepasi kuderedza kuvharika kwetambo dzemagetsi uye tambo dzepasi;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuparadzana: Shandisa kuparadzaniswa kwemuviri kuderedza kubatanidza pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzemitsara yemasaini, kunyanya simba uye mitsara yepasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kupatsanura kwenzvimbo: Decouple simba renzvimbo uye IC. Shandisa yakakura-inogoneka bypass capacitor pakati pesimba rekupinza chiteshi nePCB kusefa iyo yakaderera-frequency pulsation uye kusangana nekuputika kwesimba zvinodiwa. Shandisa decoupling capacitor pakati pesimba rekupa uye pasi yeIC yega yega. Aya decoupling capacitors anofanira kunge ari pedyo nemapini sezvinobvira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Wiring kupatsanurwa: Deresa iyo crosstalk uye ruzha rwekubatanidza pakati pemitsetse iri padyo pane imwecheteyo layer yePCB. Shandisa 3W yakatarwa kugadzirisa makiyi echiratidzo nzira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Dziviriro uye shunt maseketi: Shandisa maviri-mativi epasi waya ekudzivirira matanho ezviratidzo zvakakosha, uye ive nechokwadi chekuti migumo yese yedunhu redziviriro yakadzikwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Single-layer PCB: Mutsetse wepasi unofanirwa kunge uine 1.5mm yakafara, uye shanduko muhupamhi hwejumper uye mutsara wepasi unofanirwa kuchengetwa kusvika padiki.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kaviri-layer PCB: Ground grid/dot matrix wiring inosarudzwa, uye hupamhi hunofanira kuchengetwa pamusoro pe1.5mm. Kana kuisa pasi kune rumwe rutivi uye simba rechiratidzo kune rumwe rutivi

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mhete yekudzivirira: Shandisa waya yepasi kugadzira mhete yekuvharira iyo yekudzivirira yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

PCB capacitance: PCB capacitance inogadzirwa pamabhodhi akawanda nekuda kweiyo yakatetepa insulation layer pakati pesimba pamusoro uye pasi. Mabhenefiti ayo akanyanya kukwira frequency mhinduro uye yakaderera yakatevedzana inductance yakaenzana yakagovaniswa pamusoro pese pese kana mutsara. Iyo yakaenzana ne decoupling capacitor yakagoverwa zvakaenzana pabhodhi rose.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nhanho dzepamusoro-soro uye pasi-speed circuits: high-speed circuits inofanira kunge iri pedyo nendege yepasi, uye pasi-speed circuits inofanira kuva pedyo nemhepo ine simba.
Ground mhangura yekuzadza: kuzadza mhangura kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekudzika.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mafambisirwo ematanho ari padhuze ndee orthogonal zvimiro, kudzivirira kufambisa mitsara yezviratidzo zvakasiyana munzira imwe chete pamatanho ari padyo kudzikisa zvisina kufanira inter-layer crosstalk; apo mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaoma kudzivisa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemaitiro ebhodhi (zvakadai sezvimwe zvinodzokera shure), kunyanya kana chiyero chechiratidzo chakakwirira, funga kushandisa ndege dzepasi kuti uzvitsaurire imwe neimwe wiring layer uye kushandisa mitsara yechiratidzo chepasi kuti uzvitsaure mutsara wega wega wechiratidzo;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Imwe magumo eiyo wiring haibvumidzwe kuyangarara mumhepo kudzivirira "antenna athari".

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Impedance yekufananidza cheki mitemo: Iyo wiring hupamhi hweiyo grid imwechete inofanira kuenderana. Shanduko yehupamhi hwemutsara ichakonzera kusaenzana kwehunhu impedance yemutsara. Kana iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya yakakwira, kuratidza kuchaitika. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu inofanira kudziviswa mukugadzira. Pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvingave zvisingabviri kudzivisa kuchinja kwehupamhi hwemutsara, uye hurefu hunobudirira hwechikamu chisingapindirani chepakati chinofanira kuderedzwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Dzivirira mitsetse yezviratidzo kubva pakugadzira self-loops pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana, izvo zvinozokonzera kukanganiswa kwemwaranzi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Pfupi mutsara mutemo: Chengetedza wiring ipfupi sezvinobvira, kunyanya kune yakakosha mitsetse yechiratidzo, senge wachi wachi, uye iva nechokwadi chekuisa oscillator yavo padyo nemudziyo.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mitemo yeChamfering: PCB dhizaini inofanirwa kudzivirira makona akapinza uye makona ekurudyi, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvisingakoshi mwaranzi uye kusashanda kwemaitiro. Kona pakati pemitsetse yose inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika 135 degrees

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Waya kubva pafirita capacitor pad kuenda padhi rekubatanidza inofanira kubatanidzwa ne 0.3mm waya dzakakora, uye kureba kwekubatanidza kunofanira kuva ≤1.27mm.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kazhinji, iyo yakakwira-frequency chikamu inoiswa pane iyo interface kuderedza kureba kwewaya. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupatsanurwa kwepamusoro / kuderera kwepasi pasi ndege inofanirawo kufungwa. Kazhinji, ivhu rezviviri rinopatsanurwa uye rozobatanidzwa pane imwe nzvimbo pane interface.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kune nzvimbo dzine dense vias, kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa kudzivirira kubatanidza nzvimbo dzakakomba-kunze dzemagetsi uye pasi pasi kune imwe neimwe, nokudaro kuparadzanisa denga rendege uye kuparadza kutendeseka kwechikwata chendege, izvo zvinowedzera nzvimbo ye loop yemutsara wechiratidzo muvhu revhu.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nheyo yekusapindirana kwesimba remagetsi projekiti: Kumabhodhi ePCB ane matinji anopfuura maviri (kusanganisira), mativi emagetsi akasiyana anofanirwa kudzivirira kupindirana munzvimbo, kunyanya kuderedza kupindirana pakati pemagetsi akasiyana, kunyanya pakati pemagetsi ane misiyano yakakura yemagetsi. Dambudziko rekupindirana kwendege dzemagetsi rinofanira kudzivirirwa. Kana zvakaoma kudzivisa, funga kushandisa pasi pasi pakati.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

3W mutemo: Kudzikisa crosstalk pakati pemitsara, mutsara wemutsara unofanirwa kuve wakakura zvakakwana. Apo mutsara wepakati kureba hausi pasi pe3 nguva yehupamhi hwemutsara, 70% yemagetsi emagetsi anogona kuchengetedzwa kubva pakupindirana. Kana 98% yeminda yemagetsi isiri kupindirana, mutemo we10W unogona kushandiswa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

20H mutemo: Kutora imwe H (iyo dielectric thickening pakati pemagetsi uye pasi) sechikwata, kana chibvumirano chemukati chiri 20H, 70% yemunda wemagetsi inogona kuvharirwa kumucheto wepasi, uye kana kupindira kwemukati kuri 1000H, 98% yemunda wemagetsi inogona kuvharirwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

50-50 mutemo: mutemo wekusarudza nhamba yezvikamu zvebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, kureva kuti, kana nguva yewachi inosvika 5MHZ kana nguva yekuputika kwemhepo isingasviki 5ns, bhodhi rePCB rinofanira kushandisa bhodhi re-multi-layer board. Kana kaviri-layer board ikashandiswa, zviri nani kushandisa rimwe divi redhinda redunhu rakadhindwa sendege yepasi yakakwana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Musanganiswa chiratidzo PCB partitioning maitiro: 1 Partition the PCB mune yakazvimirira analogi uye digitaalinen zvikamu; 2 Isa iyo A / D inoshandura mukati mechikamu; 3 Usatsemura pasi, isa ivhu rakabatana pasi peanalogi uye zvikamu zvedhijitari zvebhodhi redunhu; 4 Muzvikamu zvose zvebhodhi redunhu, zviratidzo zvedhijitari zvinongogona kufambiswa muchikamu chedhijitari chebhodhi redunhu, uye masaini eanalogi anogona kungofambiswa muchikamu cheanalogi chebhodhi redunhu; 5 Ziva kupatsanurwa kweanalog magetsi ekupa uye dhijitari magetsi ekupa; 6 Iyo nzira haigone kuyambuka mukaha pakati penzvimbo dzemagetsi dzakapatsanurwa; 7 Mutsara wechiratidzo unofanirwa kuyambuka mukaha pakati pemagetsi akapatsanurwa anofanira kunge ari pane iyo wiring layer padyo nenzvimbo yakakura yevhu; 8 Ongorora nzira chaiyo uye nzira yekudzoka kwepasi ikozvino;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Multilayer mabhodhi ari nani bhodhi-level EMC kudzivirira dhizaini matanho uye anokurudzirwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Chiratidzo chedunhu uye dunhu remagetsi zvine waya yavo yakazvimirira yekumisa, uye pakupedzisira inodzika pane imwe nguva. Izvo zviviri hazvifanirwe kuve newaya yepasi inofanana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo chiratidzo chekudzoka pasi waya inoshandisa yakazvimiririra yakaderera-impedance yekumisa loop, uye chassis kana chimiro chechimiro hachigone kushandiswa sechiuno.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana iyo yepakati uye pfupi mafungu midziyo yakabatana nenyika, waya yekudzika <1/4λ; kana chinodiwa chisingakwanisi kuzadzikiswa, waya yekudzika haigone kuve yakawandisa yakawanda ye1/4λ.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Idzi tambo dzepasi dzezviratidzo zvakasimba uye dzisina simba dzinofanira kurongwa zvakasiyana, uye imwe neimwe yakabatanidzwa kune gridi yepasi pane imwe chete.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kazhinji, panofanira kuva netambo dzinenge nhatu dzakaparadzana dzepasi mumidziyo: imwe ndiyo yakaderera-yepamusoro-soro yepasi waya (inonzi chiratidzo chepasi waya), imwe ndiyo relay, motokari uye yepamusoro-soro redunhu pasi waya (inonzi interference ground wire kana ruzha pasi waya); imwe yacho kana iyo midziyo inoshandisa AC simba, iyo magetsi ekuchengetedza pasi waya inofanira kubatanidzwa kune chassis pasi waya, chassis uye plug bhokisi zvakavharirwa, asi izvo zviviri zvakafanana pane imwe nguva, uye pakupedzisira ese epasi waya anounganidzwa kune imwe nzvimbo yekugadzika. Iyo yedunhu breaker circuit ndeye-single-point yakavakirwa pane yakanyanya ikozvino poindi. Kana f<1MHz, imwe poindi yakadzikwa; kana f> 10MHz, mapoinzi akawanda akaiswa pasi; apo 1MHz

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nhungamiro yekudzivirira zvishwe zvepasi: Mitsetse yemagetsi inofanira kuiswa yakatarisana netambo yepasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo yekupisa sink inofanirwa kuve yakabatana kune simba pasi kana kudzivirira pasi kana yekudzivirira pasi mubhodhi rimwe (nzvimbo yekudzivirira kana nzvimbo yekudzivirira inosarudzwa) kuderedza kupindira kwemwaranzi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Digital pasi uye pasi analog yakaparadzaniswa, uye mutsara wepasi unowedzera

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchisanganisa yakakwirira, yepakati uye yakaderera kumhanya, teerera kune dzakasiyana dhizaini nzvimbo

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Specialized zero volt mutsetse, tambo yemagetsi routing hupamhi ≥1mm

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mutsara wemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi unofanira kunge uri pedyo sezvinobvira, uye simba uye pasi pabhodhi rose rakadhindwa redunhu rinofanira kugoverwa mu "tsime" chimiro chekuenzanisa mutsara wekugovera ikozvino.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nyora mutsara wekukanganisa uye mutsara unonzwa pamakona ekurudyi sezvaunokwanisa

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Rongedza nesimba, waya dzezvikamu zvakasiyana dzinofanirwa kusungirirwa zvakasiyana, uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pemasumbu akaiswa zvakasiyana anofanira kuva 50-75mm.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya kudiwa, kondakita wemukati anofanirwa kupihwa yakazara 360 ° kuputira, uye coaxial chinongedzo chinofanira kushandiswa kuve nechokwadi chekutendeseka kwemagetsi ekudzivirira munda.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Multilayer board: Iyo simba layer uye yepasi pasi inofanira kunge iri padhuze. Zviratidzo zvepamusoro zvinofanira kuiswa pedyo nendege yepasi, uye zviratidzo zvisingakoshi zvinofanira kuiswa pedyo nendege yemagetsi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Simba rekupa: Kana dunhu richida magetsi akawanda, patsanura imwe neimwe magetsi nevhu.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Via: Kana masaini ekumhanya akashandiswa, vias inogadzira inductance ye1-4nH uye capacitance ye0.3-0.8pF. Nokudaro, iyo vias ye-high-speed channels inofanira kuva duku sezvinobvira. Iva nechokwadi chokuti nhamba yevias ye-high-speed parallel mitsetse inopindirana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Stub: Dzivisa kushandisa stub mune yakakwirira-frequency uye inonzwisa masaini mitsetse

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kurongeka kwechiratidzo chenyeredzi: Rega kuishandisa mumitsara inomhanya-mhanya uye inonzwisa tsitsi

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kurongeka kwechiratidzo chekupenya: dzivisa kuishandisa kune mitsara inomhanya-mhanya uye inonzwisa tsitsi, chengetedza hupamhi hwenzira yechiratidzo isina kuchinjika, uye usaite kuti vias ipfuure nepakati yendege yemagetsi uye pasi kunyanyisa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Ground loop nzvimbo: Kuchengeta nzira yechiratidzo uye mutsara wayo wepasi wekudzoka padhuze pamwe chete zvichabatsira kudzikisa pasi loop

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kazhinji, dunhu rewachi rinorongedzerwa pakati pePCB board kana nzvimbo yakanyatsodzika, kuitira kuti wachi ive padyo nemicroprocessor sezvinobvira, uye inotungamira inochengetwa ipfupi sezvinobvira, nepo quartz crystal oscillator inodzika chete kune goko.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuti uwedzere kuwedzera kuvimbika kwewachi yewachi, nzvimbo yewachi inogona kuvharwa uye yakaparadzaniswa nemutsara wepasi, uye nzvimbo yepasi pasi pekristal oscillator inogona kuwedzerwa kuti isaisa mamwe mitsara yechiratidzo;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nheyo yechikamu chechikamu ndeyekuparadzanisa chikamu cheanaroji yedunhu kubva kudunhu redhijitari, kupatsanura dunhu rinomhanya-mhanya kubva kune yakaderera-speed redunhu, kupatsanura simba repamusoro-soro kubva kudiki chiratidzo chedunhu, kupatsanura chikamu cheruzha kubva kune chisiri-ruzha chikamu, uye panguva imwechete edza kupfupisa mitungamiri pakati pezvikamu kuti uderedze kupindirana pakati pavo.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Bhodhi redunhu rakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo zvichienderana nebasa, uye waya dzepasi dzedunhu rega rega dzakabatanidzwa mukufanana uye dzakadzika pane imwe nzvimbo. Kana paine akawanda ematunhu edunhu pabhodhi redunhu, chimwe nechimwe chinofanirwa kuve neyakazvimiririra yepasi mutsara kudzoka, uye imwe neimwe unit inofanira kubatanidzwa kune yakajairwa pasi panzvimbo yepakati. Single-sided and double-sided boards anoshandisa single-point power supply uye single-point grounding.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mitsetse yakakosha yezviratidzo inofanira kunge yakapfupika uye yakakora sezvinobvira, uye pasi rinodzivirira rinofanira kuwedzerwa kumativi ose. Kana chiratidzo chichida kutungamirirwa kunze, chinofanira kutungamirirwa kunze netambo yakatsetseka, uye "ground line-signal-ground line" inofanira kushandiswa nenzira yakaparadzana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

I / O interface maseketi uye magetsi ekutyaira maseketi anofanirwa kunge ari padyo nemupendero webhodhi rakadhindwa sezvinobvira

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuwedzera kudunhu rewachi, edza kudzivirira nzira pasi pezvishandiso zvinonzwa ruzha uye maseketi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana iyo yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi ine yakakwirira-yekumhanyisa data data senge PCI neISA, zvinofanirwa kutarisisa kurongeka zvishoma nezvishoma kwebhodhi redunhu zvichienderana neiyo frequency yechiratidzo, ndiko kuti, kutanga kubva kune slot interface, iyo yakakwira-frequency dunhu, yepakati-frequency dunhu uye yakaderera-frequency seketi inoiswa mukutevedzana, kuitira kuti kudunhu redunhu riri kure nekukanganisa data.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo ipfupi chiratidzo chinotungamira pane rakadhindwa redunhu, zviri nani. Iyo yakareba haifaniri kudarika 25cm, uye nhamba ye vias inofanira kuva duku sezvinobvira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana mutsara wechiratidzo uchifanira kutendeuka, shandisa 45-degree kana arc kupeta mutsara wiring, dzivisa kushandisa 90-degree fold line, kuderedza kuratidzwa kwemasaini epamusoro-frequency.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Dzivisa 90-degree kupeta kana wiring kuderedza yakakwirira-frequency ruzha emission

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Teerera kune crystal oscillator wiring. Chengetedza crystal oscillator uye mapini emicrocontroller ari padhuze nepaunokwanisa, patsanura nzvimbo yewachi newaya yepasi, uye pasi uye gadzirisa goko rekristaro oscillator.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kupatsanura kunonzwisisika kwebhodhi redunhu, senge masaini akasimba uye asina simba, masaini edhijitari uye analogi. Chengetedza zvinokanganisa masosi (zvakadai semotor, relays) uye zvinhu zvine hunyoro (senge microcontrollers) kure sezvinobvira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kusiyanisa nharaunda yedhijitari kubva munzvimbo yeanalogi newaya yepasi, paradzanisa ivhu redhijitari uye iyo analogi pasi, uye pakupedzisira batanidza kune ivhu remagetsi pane imwe nguva. Iyo A/D uye D/A chip wiring zvakare inotevera musimboti uyu. Mugadziri atora ichi chinodiwa mukutarisisa pakugovera iyo A/D uye D/A chip pinouts.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Waya dzepasi dzeiyo microcontroller uye yakakwirira-simba zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kudzikwa zvakasiyana kuti kuderedze kupindirana. Zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-simba zvinofanira kuiswa pamucheto webhodhi redunhu zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana wiring, dzikisa nzvimbo ye loop kuderedza inductive ruzha

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana wiring, tambo yemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi unofanirwa kunge wakakora sezvinobvira. Pamusoro pekudzikisa kudonha kwemagetsi, zvinonyanya kukosha kudzikisa ruzha rwekubatanidza.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

IC zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kutengeswa zvakananga pabhodhi redunhu zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, uye zvigadziko zveIC zvinofanira kushandiswa zvishoma.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nzvimbo yereferensi inofanirwa kuiswa pamharadzano yemitsara yekuruboshwe nechepazasi (kana mharadzano yemitsara yekuwedzera) kana pedhi yekutanga paplug-in yebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

25mil grid inokurudzirwa kuronga

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo yakazara yekubatanidza ipfupi sezvinobvira, uye kiyi yechiratidzo mutsara ndiyo ipfupi

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Zvikamu zvemhando imwe chete zvinofanirwa kuenderana mu X kana Y nzira. Polar discrete zvikamu zverudzi rumwe chete zvinofanirwa kuedzawo kuenderana muX kana Y kutungamira kuti zvive nyore kugadzira uye kugadzirisa;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuiswa kwechikamu kunofanirwa kuve kwakanakira kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa. Zvikamu zviduku hazvigoni kuiswa pedyo nezvikamu zvikuru. Panofanira kuva nenzvimbo yakakwana yakatenderedza zvikamu zvinoda kugadziriswa. Panofanira kunge paine nzvimbo yakakwana yekudziya zvinhu kuti zvifambise kupera kwekupisa. Thermitors inofanira kuchengetwa kure nezvinhu zvinodziya.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Nharaunda pakati pezvikamu zviviri mumutsara inofanira kuva> 2mm. Nhambwe iri pakati peBGA nezvikamu zviri pedyo inofanira kuva> 5mm. Chinhambwe chiri pakati pezvidiki zveSMD senge maresitorendi uye capacitors anofanira kunge ari> 0.7mm. Rutivi rwekunze rweSMD chikamu pad uye rutivi rwekunze rwepadhuze plug-in chikamu pad inofanira kunge iri> 2mm. Plug-in components haigone kuiswa mukati me5mm yakatenderedza crimping component. Plug-in components haigoni kuiswa mukati me5mm yakatenderedza welding surface.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo decoupling capacitor yedunhu yakasanganiswa inofanirwa kunge iri padyo nepini yemagetsi yechip sezvinobvira, neiyo yakakwira frequency iri pedyo seyo musimboti. Ita loop pakati payo uye magetsi uye pasi ipfupi sezvinobvira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Bypass capacitors inofanira kugoverwa zvakaenzana kumativi edunhu rakabatanidzwa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Pakuisa kunze zvikamu, zvikamu zvinoshandisa simba rimwe chete zvinofanirwa kuiswa pamwe chete sezvinobvira., kuitira kufambisa kupatsanurwa kwemagetsi mune ramangwana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kuiswa kwemaresistor uye capacitor kune impedance yekufananidza zvinangwa kunofanirwa kurongeka zvine hungwaru zvinoenderana nemidziyo yavo.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo dhizaini yekufananidza capacitors uye resistors inofanira kunyatsosiyaniswa. Kuti uenzanise zvigadziriso zvemitoro yakawanda, inofanirwa kuiswa kumucheto kwekupedzisira kwechiratidzo chekufananidza.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchironga chinopikisa chinofananidzira, chinofanira kunge chiri padyo nekumagumo ekutyaira kwechiratidzo, uye chinhambwe hachiwanzo pfuura 500mil.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Rongedza mavara. Mavara ese haagone kuiswa padhisiki. Kuve nechokwadi chekuti ruzivo rwemunhu runogona kuoneka zvakajeka mushure mekusangana, mavara ese anofanirwa kuenderana mugwara X kana Y. Saizi yemavara uye sirika skrini inofanira kunge yakafanana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mitsara yechiratidzo yakakosha inoiswa pamberi: magetsi, analogi masaini madiki, masaini ekumhanya-mhanya, masaini ewachi uye masaini masaini anoiswa pamberi kune wiring;

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Loop shoma mutemo: kureva, iyo loop nzvimbo yakaumbwa nechiratidzo mutsara uye loop yayo inofanira kunge idiki sezvinobvira. Iyo idiki iyo loop nzvimbo, kushoma kwemwaranzi yekunze uye kushomeka kwekunze kupindira. Mukugadzirwa kwekaviri-layer board, kana uchisiya nzvimbo yakakwana yemagetsi, chikamu chasara chinofanira kuzadzwa nevhu rekutarisa, uye mamwe vias anodiwa anofanira kuwedzerwa kuti anyatso batanidza masaini maviri-mativi masaini. Kune zvimwe zviratidzo zvakakosha, kuparadzaniswa kwepasi kunofanira kushandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Kune mamwe madhizaini ane ma frequency epamusoro, mamwe ma planar masign loops anofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya. Inokurudzirwa kushandisa mapuranga akawanda.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Ground lead shortest rule: Edza kupfupisa nekukora mutobvu wepasi (kunyanya kune high-frequency circuits). Kune masekete anoshanda pamatanho akasiyana, waya dzakareba dzakafanana dzepasi hazvigone kushandiswa.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana iyo yemukati yedunhu ichizobatanidzwa kune simbi casing, imwe-point grounding inofanirwa kushandiswa kudzivirira kubuda kwezvino kuyerera kubva mukati medunhu remukati.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Zvikamu zvinonzwa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi zvinoda kudzivirirwa kuti zvizvitsaure kubva kune zvikamu kana mitsetse inogona kuunza kukanganiswa kwemagetsi. Kana mitsetse yakadaro ichifanira kupfuura nezvikamu, inofanira kushandiswa pakona ye90 °.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo wiring layer inofanira kurongedzwa padyo nendege yese yesimbi. Iyi gadziriro ndeyekuburitsa flux cancellation effect

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Zvishwe zvakawanda zvinoumbwa pakati penzvimbo dzepasi. Iyo dhayamita yezvishwe izvi (kana chinhambwe chiri pakati penzvimbo dzekugadzika) chinofanira kunge chiri pasi pe1/20 yeakanyanya frequency wavelength.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mutsara wemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi webhodhi rimwe-side kana maviri-sided board inofanira kunge iri pedyo sezvinobvira. Nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokuisa tambo yemagetsi kune rumwe rutivi rwebhodhi rakadhindwa uye mutsara wepasi kune rumwe rutivi rwebhodhi rakadhindwa, rinopindirana, izvo zvinoderedza kukanganisa kwemagetsi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Signal routing (kunyanya high-frequency signals) inofanira kuva pfupi sezvinobvira

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Chinhambwe chiri pakati pemakondakita maviri chinofanirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvemagetsi ekuchengetedza dhizaini, uye mutsauko wevoltage haufanire kudarika kuparara kwemhepo yemhepo uye insulating yepakati pakati pavo, zvikasadaro arc ichaitika. Munguva kubva 0.7ns kusvika 10ns, arc current ichasvika makumi eA, dzimwe nguva kunyange kupfuura 100 amperes. Iyo arc ichaenderera mberi kusvika maconductor maviri abata uye pfupi-circuit kana ikozvino yakadzikira zvakanyanya kuchengetedza arc. Mienzaniso yezvinobvira spike arcs inosanganisira maoko kana simbi zvinhu, saka chenjera kuti uzvizive panguva yekugadzira.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Wedzera ndege yepasi pedyo nebhodhi remativi maviri uye batanidza ndege yepasi kusvika panzvimbo yepasi padunhu padiki pfupi.

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PCB Routing uye Kurongeka

Ita shuwa kuti yega yega yekupinda tambo iri mukati me40mm (1.6 inches) yepasi chechasi.

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PCB Routing uye Kurongeka

Batanidza zvese imba yekubatanidza uye simbi switch imba kune chassis pasi.

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PCB Routing uye Kurongeka

Isa yakafara conductive murindi mhete kumativi membrane kiibhodhi uye batanidza okunze kutenderera mhete kuti simbi chassis, kana kanenge kuti simbi chassis pamakona mana. Usabatanidza mhete yevarindi kune PCB pasi.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Shandisa multi-layer PCB: Kuenzaniswa nekaviri-mativi PCB, ndege yepasi uye ndege yemagetsi uye yakanyatsorongeka chiratidzo mutsara-yepasi mutsara mutsara unogona kuderedza yakajairika mode impedance uye inductive coupling ku1/10 kusvika 1/100 yekaviri-mativi PCB. Edza kuisa chiratidzo chega chega pedyo nesimba remagetsi kana pasi pasi.

117

PCB Routing uye Kurongeka

Kune maPCB akakwira-density ane zvikamu pane ese epamusoro nepasi pepamusoro, mapfupi akabatana, uye akawanda anozadza, shandisa yemukati layer. Mazhinji maratidziro echiratidzo uye simba uye ndege dzepasi dziri pamitsetse yemukati, nokudaro ichiita senge keji yeFaraday ine nhovo.

118

PCB Routing uye Kurongeka

Isa zvese zvinongedzo kune rimwe divi rebhodhi pese pazvinogoneka.

119

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Isa yakafara chassis pasi kana polygonal kuzadza pasi pane ese PCB akaturikidzana pazasi pezvibatanidza zvinobuda kunze kwechasisi (izvo zvinorohwa zviri nyore zvakananga neESD), uye zvibatanidze pamwe chete nemavias ega ega angangoita 13mm.

120

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Paunenge uchiunganidza PCB, usaise chero solder kune inokwirisa gomba padhi pamusoro kana pasi pezvikamu. Shandisa screws ane akavakirwa-mukati washer kuwana pedyo pedyo pakati PCB uye simbi chassis/nhovo kana bracket pasi pasi.  

121

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Pakati pepasi chassis nepasi redunhu pane imwe neimwe layer, isa yakafanana "Isolation zone"; kana zvichibvira, chengeta nzvimbo yepakati kusvika pa 0.64mm (0.025 inches).  

122

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Isa nzvimbo yemhete yakatenderedza dunhu kudzivirira kupindira kwe ESD: 1 Isa rin'i yepasi nzira yakatenderedza bhodhi rese redunhu; 2 Hupamhi hwepasi remhete kune ese akaturikidzana ndeye> 2.5mm (0.1 inch); 3 Shandisa vias kubatanidza annular pasi pese 13mm (0.5 inch); 4 Batanidza iyo annular pasi kune yakajairwa pasi peyakawanda-layer redunhu; 5 Pamapuranga ane mativi maviri akaiswa musimbi chassis kana shielding device, annular ground inofanira kubatanidzwa kune imwe nzvimbo yedunhu; 6 Kune asina kuvharirwa maviri-mativi maseketi, iyo annular pasi yakabatana kune chassis pasi. Hapana solder resist inoiswa pane annular pasi kuitira kuti annular ivhu riite senge ESD yekuburitsa tsvimbo. Kanenge 0.5mm yakafara (0.020 inch) gap inoiswa pane imwe nzvimbo pane annular pasi (ese akaturikidzana) kudzivirira kuumbwa kwechitsiko chikuru chevhu; 7 Kana bhodhi redunhu rikasaiswa mune simbi chassis kana shielding mudziyo, solder kuramba haifanirwe kuiswa pamusoro nepasi pasi waya waya dzedhipatimendi redunhu kuitira kuti dziite sekuburitsa tsvimbo dzeESD arcs.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Munzvimbo iyo inogona kurohwa zvakananga neESD, mutsara wepasi unofanirwa kuiswa padyo nemutsara wega wega wechiratidzo.  

124

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Masenhu anobatwa neESD anofanirwa kuiswa pakati pePCB kuderedza mukana wekubatwa.

125

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kana kureba kwemutsara wechiratidzo kwakakura kupfuura 300mm (12 inches), mutsara wepasi unofanirwa kuiswa mukufanana.  

126

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Kubatanidza maitiro ekukwira maburi: inogona kubatanidzwa kune wedunhu common ground, kana kuparadzaniswa nayo. 1 Kana iyo bracket yesimbi inofanirwa kushandiswa nesimbi yekudzivirira mudziyo kana chassis, 0Ω resistor inofanirwa kushandiswa kuwana kubatana. 2. Sarudza ukuru hwegomba rinosungirirwa kuti uwane kugadzika kwakavimbika kwesimbi kana bhuroketi repurasitiki. Shandisa mapedhi mahombe pamusoro nepamusoro pezvikamu zvegomba rekukwira. Usashandise solder resist pane yepasi padhi, uye ita shuwa kuti pasi padhi haina kutengeswa uchishandisa wave soldering process.  

127

PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mitsetse yechiratidzo yakadzivirirwa uye mitsetse yechiratidzo isina kudzivirirwa inorambidzwa kurongeka mukufanana.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Mitemo ye wiring yekugadzirisa, kukanganisa uye kutonga mitsetse yezviratidzo: 1. Shandisa high-frequency filtering; 2. Chengetedza kure nekupinza uye kubuda maseketi; 3. Ramba uri kure nemucheto webhodhi redunhu.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Iyo yedunhu bhodhi mune chassis haina kuisirwa munzvimbo yekuvhura kana yemukati seam.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Bhodhi redunhu rinonyanya kunzwisiswa kune static magetsi rinoiswa pakati, uko risingabatike nyore nevanhu; mudziyo unonzwa kusimba kwemagetsi unoiswa pakati pebhodhi redunhu, uko usingabatike nyore nevanhu.

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PCB wiring uye marongerwo

Maitiro ekusunga pakati pemasimbi maviri: 1. Solid bonding tepi iri nani pane yakarukwa yekubatanidza tepi; 2. Nzvimbo yekubatanidza haina kunyorova kana mvura-yakadzika; 3. Shandisa ma conductors akawanda kuti ubatanidze ndege dzepasi kana magirasi epasi emapuranga ose edunhu mubhokisi; 4. Iva nechokwadi chokuti hupamhi hwechisungo chekubatanidza uye gasket yakakura kudarika 5mm.

132

Dunhu Dhizaini

Signal filter gumbo rekubatanidza: Kune yega yega analog amplifier magetsi, decoupling capacitor inofanirwa kuwedzerwa pakati pekubatanidza padyo nedunhu uye amplifier. Kune madhijitari akabatanidzwa maseketi, decoupling capacitors anowedzerwa mumapoka. Isa capacitor bypass pamabhurashi emotor uye jenareta, batanidza RC mafirita munhevedzano pabazi rega rega rinomonereka, uye wedzera yakaderera-pass kusefa pamusuwo wemagetsi kudzvanyirira kupindira. Iyo sefa inofanirwa kuiswa padyo sezvinobvira kune mudziyo uri kusefa, uye shandisa mapfupi, akadzivirirwa anotungamira seyokubatanidza svikiro. Ese mafirita anofanirwa kuchengetedzwa, uye inopinza inotungamira uye inobuda inotungamira inofanirwa kuve yega.

133

Dunhu dhizaini

Rimwe nerimwe bhodhi rinoshanda richatsanangura zvinodikanwa kune voltage fluctuation renji, ripple, ruzha, chiyero chekugadzirisa, nezvimwe zvemagetsi. Iyo yechipiri magetsi inosangana nezvinodiwa pamusoro apa kana yasvika kune inoshanda bhodhi mushure mekutapurirana.

134

Dunhu dhizaini

Seketi ine radiation source maitiro ichaiswa musimbi shield kuderedza kupindira kwechinguvana.

135

Dunhu dhizaini

Wedzera midziyo yekudzivirira pamusuwo wetambo

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Dunhu dhizaini

Imwe neimwe IC simba pini inoda kuwedzera bypass capacitors (kazhinji 104) uye inotsvedza capacitors (10uF ~ 100uF) pasi. Mapini emagetsi ekona yega yega yenzvimbo hombe IC inodawo kuwedzera bypass capacitors uye smoothing capacitors.

137

Dunhu dhizaini

Impedance mismatch maitiro ekusarudzwa kwesefa: Kune yakaderera-impedance ruzha masosi, iyo sefa inoda kuve yakakwira-impedance (hombe yakatevedzana inductance); kune yakakwira-impedance ruzha masosi, iyo sefa inoda kuve yakaderera-impedance (hombe parallel capacitance)

138

Dunhu dhizaini

Iyo capacitor imba, anobatsira ekutungamira materminal, akanaka uye asina kunaka matanda, uye edunhu mabhodhi anofanirwa kuve akaparadzaniswa zvachose.

139

Dunhu dhizaini

Iyo sefa yekubatanidza inofanirwa kuve yakadzika pasi, uye simbi shell sefa inoshandisa pamusoro pasi.

140

Dunhu dhizaini

Mapini ese esefa yekubatanidza anofanira kusefa

141

Dunhu dhizaini

Mune electromagnetic kuenderana dhizaini yemaseketi edhijitari, bandwidth inotarwa nekukwira nekudonha mipendero yemapurusi edhijitari inofanirwa kutariswa pachinzvimbo chekudzokorora frequency yedhijitari pulses. Iyo dhizaini bandwidth yeakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi yeskweya dhijitari siginecha yakaiswa kune 1/πtr, uye gumi nguva dzeiyi bandwidth inowanzo fungwa.

142

Dunhu dhizaini

Shandisa RS trigger sebhafa pakati pebhatani rekudzora mudziyo uye mudziyo wemagetsi wedunhu

143

Dunhu dhizaini

Kudzikisa iyo impedance yekupinza yemitsara inonzwisisika zvinoderedza mukana wekuunza kukanganisa.

144

Dunhu Dhizaini

LC Sefa Pakati peyakaderera yakabuda impedance magetsi uye yakakwira impedance dhijitari wedunhu, LC sefa inodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderana kweiyo loop.

145

Dunhu Dhizaini

LC Sefa Pakati peyakaderera yakabuda impedance magetsi uye yakakwira impedance dhijitari wedunhu, LC sefa inodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderana kweiyo loop.

145

Dunhu Dhizaini

Voltage calibration circuit: Decoupling capacitor (senge 0.1μF) inofanirwa kuwedzerwa painopinza uye inobuda kunopera, uye iyo bypass capacitor sarudzo yakakosha inotevera mwero we10μF/A.

146

Dunhu dhizaini

Signal termination: Impedance yekufananidza pakati pekwakabva uye kwainoenda kweyepamusoro-frequency wedunhu kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Kufananidza kwakashata kunokonzeresa mhinduro yechiratidzo uye kunyorova oscillation. Yakawandisa RF simba inokonzeresa EMI matambudziko. Panguva ino, zvinofanirwa kufunga nezve kushandisa kumisa chiratidzo.
Kuguma kwechiratidzo kune anotevera marudzi: akateedzana/kugumisa sosi, kugumiswa kwakafanana,
RC kumisa, Thevenin kugumiswa, uye diode kumisa.

147

Dunhu Dhizaini

MCU Circuit:
I/O mapini: I/O mapini asina kushandiswa anofanirwa kubatanidzwa kune yakakwira impedance kuderedza kugovera ikozvino. Uye dzivisa kuyangarara.
IRQ pini: Panofanira kuve nematanho ekudzivirira kubuda kwemagetsi paIRQ pini. Semuenzaniso, shandisa bidirectional diodes, Transorbs kana simbi oxide varistors.
Reset pini: Pini yekumisikidza inofanirwa kuve nekunonoka kwenguva. Kudzivirira iyo MCU kubva pakugadzikiswa pakutanga kwesimba-pa.
Oscillator: Pasi pemamiriro ekusangana nezvinodiwa, iyo yakaderera iyo wachi oscillation frequency inoshandiswa neMCU, zviri nani.
Isa dunhu rewachi, calibration dunhu uye decoupling wedunhu padyo neMCU

148

Dunhu dhizaini

Kune madiki-akasanganiswa maseketi ane asingasviki gumi akabuda, kana iyo inoshanda frequency iri ≤10MHZ, inokwana imwe 50uf sefa capacitor inofanirwa kubatana. Kana iyo frequency yekushanda iri ≥0.1MHZ, pini yega yega yemagetsi ine 50uf filter capacitor;

149

Dunhu Dhizaini

Kune epakati uye akakura-akabatanidzwa maseketi, imwe neimwe pini yemagetsi ine 0.1uf sefa capacitor. Kune maseketi ane huwandu hwakakura hwepini yepini redundancy, huwandu hwema capacitor hunogonawo kuverengerwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwepini dzekubuda, uye 0.1uf sefa capacitor inoshongedzerwa kune yega yega 5 inobuda.

150

Dunhu dhizaini

Kune nzvimbo dzisina midziyo inoshanda, inokwana imwe 0.1uf sefa capacitor yakabatana kune yega yega 6cm2.

151

Dunhu dhizaini

Kune ekupedzisira-yepamusoro frequency maseketi, pini yega yega yemagetsi ine 1000pf sefa capacitor. Kune maseketi ane hombe pini yepini redundancy, huwandu hweanofananidza capacitor hunogonawo kuverengerwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwepini dzinobuda, ine 1000pf sefa capacitor pane zvese zvinobuda.

152

Dunhu dhizaini

High-frequency capacitors inofanira kunge iri pedyo nemapini emagetsi e IC circuit sezvinobvira.

153

Dunhu dhizaini

Inenge imwe 0.1uf sefa capacitor yakabatana kune yega yega 5 yakakwira-frequency filter capacitors;

154

Dunhu dhizaini

Angangoita maviri 47uf yakaderera-frequency mafirita capacitors akabatana kune yega yega 5 10uf;

155

Dunhu dhizaini

Inenge imwe 220uf kana 470uf yakaderera-frequency sefa capacitor inofanira kubatana mukati me100cm2 yega yega;

156

Dunhu dhizaini

Anosvika maviri 220uf kana 470uf capacitor anofanirwa kugadzirwa kutenderedza yega yega module magetsi. Kana nzvimbo ichibvumira, nhamba ye capacitors inofanira kuwedzerwa zvakakodzera;

157

Dunhu dhizaini

Pulse uye transformer yekuzviparadzanisa nzira: Iyo pulse network uye transformer inofanirwa kuve yega. Iyo transformer inogona kungobatanidzwa kune decoupling pulse network, uye mutsara wekubatanidza wakapfupika sezvinobvira.

158

Dunhu Dhizaini

Munguva yekuvhura nekuvhara maitiro ekuchinja uye kuvhara, kudzivirira kupindira kwearc, nyore RC network uye inductive network inogona kubatanidzwa, uye yakakwirira kuramba, rectifier kana mutoro resistor inogona kuwedzerwa kune aya maseketi. Kana izvi zvikasashanda, inopinza uye inobuda inotungamira inogona kudzivirirwa. Mukuwedzera, kuburikidza-hole capacitors inogona kubatanidzwa kune aya masekete.

159

Dunhu dhizaini

Mabasa ekubvisa uye kusefa capacitors anofanirwa kuongororwa zvichienderana neakakwira-frequency yakaenzana yedunhu diagraph.

160

Dunhu dhizaini

Masefa akakodzera ekusefa anofanirwa kushandiswa pakusumwa kwemagetsi ega rega rega rinoshanda kusefa kunze kwekusiyanisa modhi ruzha uye yakajairika modhi ruzha sezvinobvira. Ivhu rekuburitsa ruzha rinofanira kuparadzaniswa kubva panzvimbo yekushanda, kunyanya chiratidzo chepasi, uye nzvimbo yekudzivirira inogona kufungwa; decoupling capacitors inofanirwa kurongeka pamagumo ekuisa simba redunhu rakasanganiswa kuvandudza kugona kwe-anti-kupindira.

161

Dunhu dhizaini

Tsanangura zvakajeka iyo yepamusoro-soro yekushanda frequency yebhodhi rega rega, uye tora matanho anodiwa ekudzivirira emidziyo kana zvikamu zvine ma frequency ekushanda ari pamusoro pe160MHz (kana 200 MHz) kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemwaranzi nekuvandudza kugona kwavo kurwisa kukanganiswa kwemwaranzi.

162

Dunhu dhizaini

Kana zvichibvira, wedzera RC decoupling pamusuwo wekutonga mutsara (pabhodhi rakadhindwa) kubvisa zvinogona kupindira zvinhu panguva yekufambisa.

163

Dunhu dhizaini

Shandisa RS trigger sebhafa pakati pebhatani nemagetsi edunhu

164

Dunhu dhizaini

Shandisa kukurumidza kudzoreredza diode mune yechipiri rectification wedunhu kana batanidza polyester firimu capacitor mukuwirirana neiyo diode.

165

Dunhu dhizaini

"Kugadzirisa" transistor switching waveforms

166

Dunhu dhizaini

Kuderedza kupinza kwekupinza kwemitsara inonzwisisika

167

Dunhu dhizaini

Kana zvichibvira, shandisa mitsetse yakadzikama seyokupinza mumaseketi anonzwisa tsitsi, uye shandisa yakajairika-modhi yekudzvinyirira kugona kwemitsara yakadzikama kukunda kukanganisika kwezvinobva mukuvhiringidza pamitsara inonzwisisika.

168

Dunhu dhizaini

Kudzika zvakananga mutoro hakuna kufanira

169

Dunhu dhizaini

Ziva kuti bypass decoupling capacitors (kazhinji 104) inofanira kuwedzerwa pakati pemagetsi uye pasi pedyo neIC.

170

Dunhu dhizaini

Kana zvichibvira, shandisa mutsara wakadzikama seyokupinza kune masekete anonzwisisika, uye mutsara wakaenzana hauna kudzika

171

Dunhu dhizaini

Wedzera freewheeling diode kune relay coil kuti ubvise kumashure electromotive simba kukanganiswa kunogadzirwa kana coil yabviswa. Kuwedzera chete freewheeling diode kunononotsa iyo yekudzima nguva yerelay. Mushure mekuwedzera voltage regulator diode, iyo relay inogona kushanda kakawanda panguva yeyuniti.

172

Dunhu dhizaini

Spark kudzvinyirira wedunhu (kazhinji RC akateedzana wedunhu, kuramba kunowanzo kusarudzwa kubva kune mashoma K kusvika makumi makumi eK, capacitor inosarudzwa kubva 0.01uF) yakabatana kumagumo ese eiyo relay kusangana kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi.

173

Dunhu dhizaini

Wedzera sefa yedunhu kumota, uye ita shuwa kuti inotungamira ye capacitor uye inductor ipfupi sezvinobvira.

174

Dunhu dhizaini

Imwe neimwe IC pabhodhi redunhu inofanira kubatanidzwa mukuenderana ne 0.01μF ~ 0.1μF yakakwirira-frequency capacitor kuderedza kukanganiswa kweIC pane magetsi. Nyatsoteerera kune wiring ye-high-frequency capacitors. Kubatana kunofanirwa kunge kuri padyo nekupera kwemagetsi uye kwakakora uye kupfupi sezvinobvira. Zvikasadaro, zvakaenzana nekuwedzera yakaenzana akateedzana kuramba kwecapacitor, izvo zvinozokanganisa kusefa.

175

Dunhu dhizaini

RC suppression circuit yakabatana kumativi ose e thyristor kuderedza ruzha runogadzirwa ne thyristor (ruzha urwu runogona kuputsa thyristor kana yakakomba)

176

Dunhu dhizaini

Mazhinji ma microcontrollers anonzwa zvakanyanya kune simba rekupa ruzha. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuwedzera sefa yedunhu kana voltage regulator kune iyo microcontroller magetsi kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi ruzha pane microcontroller. Semuenzaniso, π-yakaumbwa sefa yedunhu inogona kuumbwa uchishandisa magineti bead uye capacitors. Ehe, 100Ω resistors inogona zvakare kushandiswa panzvimbo yemagineti bead kana mamiriro asina kukwirira.

177

Dunhu dhizaini

Kana iyo I/O chiteshi cheiyo microcontroller ichishandiswa kudzora midziyo yeruzha senge mota, kuzviparadzanisa kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa pakati peI/O chiteshi uye ruzha sosi (wedzera π-yakaumbwa sefa yedunhu). Kudzora maturusi eruzha senge mota, kuzviparadzanisa kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa pakati peI/O port uye ruzha sosi (wedzera π-yakaumbwa sefa yedunhu).

178

Dunhu dhizaini

Kushandisa anti-kupindira zvinhu zvakaita semagnetic beads, magineti mhete, mafirita emagetsi, uye mavhavha ekudzivirira munzvimbo dzakakosha senge microcontroller I/O ports, tambo dzemagetsi, uye mitsara yekubatanidza bhodhi redunhu zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya anti-kupindira mashandiro edunhu.

179

Dunhu dhizaini

Kune zviteshi zveI/O zvisina basa zveiyo microcontroller, usazvisiye zvichiyangarara, asi zvibatanidze pasi kana magetsi. Iwo asina basa materminal emamwe maIC akabatana nevhu kana simba pasina kushandura system logic.

180

Dunhu dhizaini

Kushandisa magetsi ekutarisa uye masheketi ekutarisa mamicrocontrollers, akadai se: IMP809, IMP706, IMP813, X25043, X25045, nezvimwewo, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kurwisa-kukanganisa kuita kwedunhu rese.

181

Dunhu dhizaini

Pasi pechifungidziro chekuti kumhanya kunogona kusangana nezvinodiwa, edza kudzikisa crystal oscillator yeiyo microcontroller uye sarudza yakaderera-yekumhanya dhijitari wedunhu.

182

Dunhu dhizaini

Kana zvichibvira, wedzera RC low-pass filters kana EMI suppression components (zvakadai semagnetic beads, signal filters, etc.) pamusangano wePCB board kuti ubvise kupindira kubva kune waya dzinobatanidza; asi chenjera kuti usakanganisa kutapurirana kwezviratidzo zvinobatsira

183

Dunhu dhizaini

Paunenge uchiisa waya yekubuda kwewachi, usashandise yakananga serial yekubatanidza kune akawanda macomponents (anonzi daisy-chain connection); pachinzvimbo, ipa masaini masaini zvakananga kune akawanda zvimwe zvikamu kuburikidza nebuffer

184

Dunhu Dhizaini

Wedzera membrane keyboard muganhu kusvika 12mm kupfuura simbi mutsara, kana kushandisa epurasitiki cutouts kuwedzera nzira kureba.  

185

Dunhu Dhizaini

Pedyo nechokubatanidza, batanidza chiratidzo pane chinongedzo kune chassis pasi pekubatanidza uchishandisa LC kana bead-capacitor sefa.

186

Dunhu Dhizaini

Wedzera bhedhi remagineti pakati pechassis pasi uye dunhu rinoenderana pasi.

187

Dunhu Dhizaini

Iyo simba rekugovera sisitimu mukati memidziyo yemagetsi ndicho chinhu chikuru cheESD arc inductive coupling. Iwo anti-ESD matanho emagetsi ekugovera sisitimu ndeaya: 1 Sveta tambo yemagetsi uye inopindirana yekudzoka mutsara zvakasimba pamwechete; 2 Isa bhedhi remagineti panzvimbo iyo tambo yega yega yemagetsi inopinda mumidziyo yemagetsi; 3 Isa chidimbu chemazuva ano chinodzvinyirira, metal oxide varistor (MOV) kana 1kV high-frequency capacitor pakati pepini imwe neimwe yemagetsi uye pasi pechasisi yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi; 4 Zvakanakisisa kuronga simba rakatsaurirwa uye ndege yepasi paPCB, kana kuti yakasimba simba uye girasi repasi, uye kushandisa nhamba huru yebypass uye decoupling capacitors.

188

Dunhu Dhizaini

Isa maresitorendi uye magineti mabedhi munhevedzano pamagumo ekugamuchira. Kune madhiraivha etambo anorohwa zviri nyore neESD, unogona zvakare kuisa maresitorendi kana magineti bead munhevedzano kumagumo ekutyaira.  

189

Dunhu Dhizaini

Isa chidziviriro chenguva pfupi pamagumo ekugamuchira. 1 Shandisa waya pfupi uye dzakakora (zvisingasviki kashanu pahupamhi, zviri nani zvisingasviki katatu pahupamhi) kuti ubatanidze kune chassis pasi. 5 Chiratidzo uye waya dzepasi dzinobuda kunze kwechibatanidza dzinofanirwa kubatanidzwa zvakananga kune inodzivirira yenguva pfupi isati yabatana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzedunhu.

190

Dunhu Dhizaini

Isa mafirita capacitor pane chinongedzo kana mukati me25mm (1.0 inches) yedunhu rinogamuchira. 1 Shandisa waya pfupi uye dzakakora kuti ubatanidze kune chasi pasi kana yekugamuchira yedunhu pasi (isingasviki kashanu pahupamhi, zviri nani isingasviki katatu pahupamhi). 5 Chiratidzo uye waya dzepasi dzinofanirwa kubatanidzwa kune capacitors kutanga uye ipapo kudunhu rinogamuchira.

191

Kushungurudza

Pane chesi yesimbi, iyo yakakura yekuvhura dhayamita ndeye ≤λ/20, apo λ ndiyo yavelength yepamusoro frequency electromagnetic wave mukati nekunze kwemuchina; isiri-simbi chassis inoonekwa seisina kudzivirirwa maererano nemagetsi emagetsi kuenderana dhizaini.

192

mhosva

Nhovo ine nhamba shoma yemaseams; pamakumbo enhovo, iyo yakawanda-point spring pressure contact method ine yakanaka yemagetsi kuenderera; gomba rekufefetera D<3mm, aperture iyi inogona kunyatso kudzivirira hombe remagetsi leakage kana kupinda; iyo nhovo yekuvhura (yakadai segomba remhepo) yakavharwa nemhangura yakanaka mesh kana zvimwe zvakakodzera conductive zvinhu; kana mesh yesimbi yegomba rekupinza mhepo ichida kubviswa nguva nenguva, inogona kugadzikwa kutenderedza gomba nemaskururu kana mabhaudhi, asi screw spacing iri <25mm kuchengetedza mutsara uripo

193

mhosva

f> 1MHz, chero simbi ndiro nhovo ine ukobvu hwe0.5mm inoderedza simba remunda ne99%; apo f> 10MHz, 0.1mm copper shield ichaderedza simba remunda neanopfuura 99%; f> 100MHz, iyo mhangura kana sirivheri layer pamusoro peiyo insulator inhovo yakanaka. Asi zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kune mabhomba epurasitiki, kana iyo simbi yekufukidzira ichipfapfaidzwa mukati, iyo yekumba yekupfapfaidza haina kusvika pachiyero, iyo inoenderera conduction mhedzisiro pakati pezvimedu zvekupfeka haina kunaka, uye conduction impedance yakakura. Migumisiro yakaipa yekukundikana kwekupfapfaidza inofanira kutorwa zvakanyanya.

194

mhosva

Kubatana kwepasi kwemuchina wese hakuna kuputirwa nependi inodzivirira. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi chesimbi yakavimbika yekubatana netambo yepasi kudzivirira nzira isiriyo yekuvimba chete nescrew thread yekubatanidza pasi.

195

mhosva

Gadzira chimiro chekudzivirira chakakwana, chine simbi yakagadzika nhovo yegoko inogona kuburitsa inoyerera iripo pasi.

196

mhosva

Gadzira ESD-resistant nharaunda ine breakdown voltage ye20kV; matanho ekudzivirira nekuwedzera kureba anoshanda.

197

mhosva

Chero chero mushandisi-mushandisi anosvikika nzvimbo inosanganisira seams, maburi, uye maburi anokwirisa, inosvikika isina kuvhurika simbi senge mafasteners, switch, levers, uye zviratidzo zvine nzira yakareba kupfuura 20 mm pakati pechigadzirwa chemagetsi neinotevera:

198

mhosva

Shandisa mylar tepi kuvhara seams uye kukwira maburi mukati mechasisi. Izvi zvinowedzera mipendero ye seams / vias uye inowedzera kureba kwenzira.  

199

mhosva

Shandisa zvivharo zvesimbi kana zvivharo zveguruva zvepurasitiki zvakavharidzirwa kuvhara zvisina kushandiswa kana zvisingawanzo shandiswa zvibatanidza.

200

mhosva

Shandisa ma switch uye majoystics ane maplastic shafts, kana kuisa zvibato zvepurasitiki/zvivharo pazviri kuti uwedzere kureba kwenzira. Dzivisa zvibato nesimbi set screws.

201

mhosva

Mount LEDs uye zvimwe zviratidzo mumakomba mumidziyo uye uvhare iwo tepi kana mavhavha kuti awedzere mipendero yemakomba kana kushandisa conduit kuwedzera nzira kureba.  

202

mhosva

Kutenderedza mipendero nemakona ezvikamu zvesimbi zvinoisa masingi ekupisa pedyo nechasisi seams, mavhavha, kana maburi anokwirisa.

203

mhosva

Muzviitiko zvepurasitiki, zvigadziro zvesimbi padhuze nemidziyo yemagetsi kana isina kuvhurika hazvifanirwe kubuda kunze kwenyaya.  

204

mhosva

Tsoka dzakakwirira kuchengetedza mudziyo kubva patafura kana pasi unogona kugadzirisa dambudziko rekusainangana ESD coupling kubva patafura / pasi kana yakatwasuka yekubatanidza nzvimbo.

205

mhosva

Isa anonamira kana sealant kutenderedza membrane keyboard redunhu layer.  

206

mhosva

Mhosva yakabatana uye yekudzivirira nhungamiro: Majoini nemapendero akakosha. Pamajoini echassis muviri, yakakwira-kumanikidza silicone kana gaskets inofanirwa kushandiswa kuwana chisimbiso, ESD kuchengetedzwa, mvura uye guruva kuramba.

207

Chassis

Chassis isina kuvhurika inofanirwa kunge iine voltage yekuputsika inosvika 20kV (mitemo A1 kusvika A9); kune chassis yakadzika, midziyo yemagetsi inofanirwa kunge iine voltage yekuputsika ingangoita 1500V kudzivirira yechipiri arcing, uye kureba kwenzira kunofanirwa kunge kwakakura kupfuura kana kuenzana ne2.2mm.

208

Inclosure

Enclosure inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvinotevera zvekudzivirira: sheet metal; polyester firimu / mhangura kana polyester firimu / aluminium laminate; thermoformed metal mesh ine welded joints; thermoformed metallized fiber mat (isina-yakarukwa) kana jira (rakarukwa); sirivha, mhangura kana nickel coating; zinc arc spraying; vacuum metallization; electroless plating; conductive filler material yakawedzerwa kupurasitiki;

209

Inclosure

Shielding material anti-electrochemical corrosion criteria: Izvo zvinogona kuitika pakati pezvikamu zvinosangana nemumwe (EMF) <0.75V. Kana munzvimbo ine munyu uye munyoro, mukana pakati peumwe neumwe unofanirwa kuve <0.25V. Saizi yeanode (positive) chikamu chinofanira kunge chakakura kupfuura cathode (negative) chikamu.

210

mhosva

Shandisa zvinhu zvekudzivirira zvine kanopfuura kashanu pahupamhi hwegap kuti upindirane pamusono.

211

mhosva

Kubatana kwemagetsi kunoitwa pakati penhovo nebhokisi panguva dze20 mm (0.8 inches) newelding, fasteners, nezvimwe.  

212

mhosva

Bhirika gap ne gasket, bvisa iyo slot uye upe nzira inofambisa pakati pemagapu.

213

mhosva

Dzivisa makona akatwasuka uye mabhendeti akakura zvakanyanya mukudzivirira zvinhu.  

214

mhosva

Aperture ≤20mm uye slot kureba ≤20mm. Pasi penzvimbo imwechete yekuvhura mamiriro, inofarirwa kuvhura maburi pane inotsvedza.

215

mhosva

Kana zvichiita, shandisa maburi maduku akawanda panzvimbo pehombe imwe chete, ine nzvimbo yakawanda sezvinobvira pakati pawo.

216

mhosva

Pamidziyo yakadzikwa, batanidza nhovo kune chassis pasi panopinda chinobatanidza; kune isina kuvhurika (kaviri-yakasarudzika) midziyo, batanidza nhovo kune redunhu common ground padhuze ne switch.

217

Chassis

Isa nzvimbo yekupinda tambo padhuze nepakati pepaneru sezvinobvira, pane padhuze nemupendero kana kona.  

218

Chassis

Gadzirisa iyo inotsvedza munhovo inoenderana negwara reESD ikozvino kuyerera, pane perpendicular kwairi.

219

mhosva

Shandisa simbi ine mabhuraketi esimbi pamakomba anokwirisa kuti upe mamwe mapoinzi epasi, kana shandisa mabhuraketi epurasitiki kuvhara nekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe.

220

mhosva

Isa midziyo yekudzivirira yemunharaunda pane control panel uye keyboard nzvimbo pane epurasitiki chassis kudzivirira ESD: 

221

mhosva

Nzvimbo yesimba rekubatanidza uye chinongedzo chinotungamira kunze chinofanira kunge chakabatana kune chassis pasi kana dunhu rinowirirana.

222

Inclosure

Shandisa polyester film/copper kana polyester film/aluminium laminates mumapurasitiki, kana shandisa conductive coatings kana conductive fillers.

223

Inclosure

Shandisa yakaonda conductive chromate kana chromate coating paaluminium, asi usashandise anodizing.

224

mhosva

Shandisa conductive filler zvinhu mumapurasitiki. Ziva kuti zvikamu zvakakandwa zvinowanzova neresin pamusoro, zvichiita kuti zviome kuwana yakaderera kuramba.  

225

mhosva

Shandisa yakaonda conductive chromate coating pasimbi.

226

Chassis

Ita kuti nzvimbo dzakachena dzesimbi dzibatane zvakananga pane kuvimba nemasruuru kubatanidza simbi.  

227

Chassis

Batanidza chiratidziro kune chassis nhovo ine nhovo yekuvhara (Indium Tin Oxide, Indium Oxide, Tin Oxide, nezvimwewo) pamwe chete nenharaunda yese.

228

mhosva

Ipa iyo antistatic (yakashata conductive) nzira yekuenda pasi panzvimbo dzinowanzobatwa nemuiti, senge space bar pane keyboard.  

229

mhosva

Ita kuti zviome kuti mushandisi atenderere kumucheto kana kona yesimbi ndiro. Kuburitswa kweArc kune aya mapoinzi kunokonzeresa isina kunanga ESD mhedzisiro pane kuburitsa arc pakati pesimbi ndiro.  

230

vamwe

Mitemo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira mahwindo ekuratidzira: 1 Isa mahwindo ekudzivirira ekudzivirira; 2 Chikamu chekunze chedunhu chakabatana nedunhu mukati memuchina kuburikidza nesefa mudziyo.

231

vamwe

Makiyi ekudzivirira hwindo maitiro:

232

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Macapacitor anofanirwa kunge ari chip capacitor ane diki lead inductance.

233

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Yakagadzika magetsi ekupa bypass capacitor, sarudza electrolytic capacitor

234

Sarudzo yemidziyo

AC coupling uye charge storage capacitors inosarudza polytetrafluoroethylene capacitors kana imwe polyester (polypropylene, polystyrene, etc.) capacitors.

235

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Monolithic ceramic capacitors ye-high-frequency circuit decoupling

236

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Maitiro ekusarudza capacitor ndeaya:
Sezvo yakaderera ESR capacitor sezvinobvira;
Sepamusoro capacitor's resonant frequency value sezvinobvira;

237

Sarudzo yeMidziyo

Aluminium electrolytic capacitors inofanira kudzivirirwa mumamiriro anotevera:
a. Kupisa kwepamusoro (tembiricha inodarika tembiricha yekushanda)
b. Overcurrent (ikozvino inodarika yakayerwa ripple current). Kana iyo ripple ikozvino inodarika kukosha kwakayerwa, iyo capacitor muviri inopisa, kugona kunoderera, uye hupenyu huchapfupikiswa.
c. Overvoltage (voltage inodarika rated voltage). Kana iyo voltage inoshandiswa kune capacitor yakakwira kupfuura iyo yakatemerwa kushanda voltage, iyo inodonha ikozvino yecapacitor ichawedzera, uye magetsi ayo emagetsi anozoderera munguva pfupi kusvika akuvadzwa.
d. Kushandisa reverse voltage kana AC voltage. Kana yazvino aluminium electrolytic capacitor yakabatana kudunhu nereverse polarity, iyo capacitor ichaita kuti dhizaini yemagetsi iite pfupi-circuit, uye inoguma ikozvino ichaita kuti capacitor ikuvadzwe. Kana paine mukana wekushandisa yakanaka voltage kune yakashata inotungamira mudunhu, ndapota sarudza isiri-polar chigadzirwa.
e. Kana ichishandiswa mumatunhu anodzokororwa uye nekukurumidza kubhadhariswa uye kuburitswa, kana akajairwa capacitor achishandiswa kukurumidza kuchaja, hupenyu hwavo hwesevhisi hunogona kupfupikiswa nekuda kwekuderera kwesimba, kukwira kwakanyanya kwekushisa, nezvimwe.

238

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Sefa zvinobatanidza zvinongodiwa pane chassis yakadzivirirwa

239

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Paunenge uchisarudza mafirita ekubatanidza, mukuwedzera kune izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakusarudza zvakajairwa zvibatanidza, iyo cutoff frequency yefirita inofanirwawo kutariswa. Kana mafambiro ezvikwangwani zvinofambiswa pamacores echibatanidza zvakasiyana, iyo cutoff frequency inofanirwa kutariswa zvichienderana nechiratidzo chine yakanyanya frequency.

240

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Surface mount packaging inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira

241

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Carbon film ndiyo yekutanga sarudzo ye resistor kusarudzwa, inoteverwa nesimbi firimu. Kana wire winding ichidikanwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvesimba, iyo inductance mhedzisiro inofanirwa kutariswa

242

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Paunosarudza ma capacitors, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti aluminium electrolytic capacitors uye tantalum electrolytic capacitors inokodzera kutsika-frequency terminals; Ceramic capacitors inokodzera yepakati-frequency renji (kubva kuKHz kusvika MHz); Ceramic uye mica capacitors dzakakodzera kune yakakwira frequency uye microwave maseketi; edza kushandisa yakaderera ESR (yakaenzana akatevedzana kuramba) capacitors

243

Sarudzo yeMidziyo

Bypass capacitors anofanirwa kunge ari electrolytic capacitors, ane capacitance ye10-470PF, kunyanya zvichienderana nechinguva chidiki kudiwa paPCB board.

244

Sarudzo yeMidziyo

Decoupling capacitors inofanira kunge iri ceramic capacitors, ine capacitance ye1/100 kana 1/1000 yebypass capacitor. Zvinoenderana nekusimuka uye nguva yekudonha kweiyo inokurumidza chiratidzo. Semuenzaniso, 10nF ye100MHz, 4.7-100nF ye33MHz, uye kukosha kweESR isingasviki 1 ohm.
Sarudza NPO (strontium titanate dielectric) inoshandiswa pakuita kubatanidza pamusoro pe50MHz, uye Z5U (barium titanate) inoshandiswa pakudzikisa-frequency decoupling. Zvakanakisisa kusarudza ma capacitor ane musiyano wemirairo miviri yehukuru ye parallel decoupling.

245

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Pakusarudza inductors, yakavharwa loop iri nani pane yakavhurika loop, uye kana yakavhurika loop, inomonereka mhando iri nani pane tsvimbo yerudzi kana solenoid mhando. Sarudza ferromagnetic musimboti kune yakaderera frequency, uye sarudza ferrite musimboti wepamusoro frequency

246

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Ferrite bead, high frequency attenuation 10dB

247

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Ferrite clamps MHz frequency range yakajairika modhi (CM), differential mode (DM) attenuation kusvika 10-20dB

248

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Diode sarudzo:
Schottky diode: yekukurumidza kupfupi chiratidzo uye spike kudzivirira;
Zener diode: ye ESD (electrostatic discharge) kudzivirira; overvoltage protection; low capacitance high data rate signal protection
Transient voltage kudzvanyirira diode (TVS): ESD excitation yenguva pfupi yakakwira voltage kudzivirira, inopfupika spike pulse kuderedza.
Varioresistive diode: ESD kudzivirira; high voltage uye yakakwirira yekudzivirira kwenguva pfupi

249

Sarudzo yeMidziyo

Integrated Circuits:
Kusarudzwa kwemidziyo yeCMOS, kunyanya inomhanya-mhanya, ine simba rinoda simba, uye matanho ekugadzirisa anofanira kutorwa kuti asangane nezvinodiwa zvesimba ipapo ipapo.
Munzvimbo dzakakwirira-frequency, pini ichaita inductance inenge 1nH / 1mm, uye kuguma kwepini kuchavawo nediki capacitance effect kumashure, inenge 4pF. Zvishandiso zvepamusoro-soro zvinobatsira kune EMI kuita, ine parasitic inductance uye capacitance kukosha kwe0.5nH uye 0.5pF zvichiteerana.
Radial pini zviri nani pane axial parallel pini;
TTL uye CMOS maseketi akasanganiswa anoburitsa maharmonics ewachi, masaini anobatsira uye magetsi emagetsi nekuda kweakasiyana switch yekubata nguva, saka zvakanakisa kusarudza logic maseketi eakateedzana akateedzana.
Mapini emudziyo asina kushandiswa eCMOS anofanirwa kubatana nepasi kana simba kuburikidza neakateedzana resistors.

250

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Iyo yakayerwa ikozvino kukosha kwesefa ndeye 1.5 nguva chaiyo yekushanda ikozvino kukosha.

251

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Sarudzo yemagetsi ekupa sefa: Zvinoenderana ne theoretical kuverenga kana bvunzo mhinduro, iyo yekuisa kurasikirwa kukosha iyo magetsi ekupa sefa inofanirwa kusvika ndeye IL. Kana uchinyatso sarudza, sefa yemagetsi ine kurasikirwa kwekuisa kweIL+20dB inofanira kusarudzwa.

252

Sarudzo yemidziyo

AC mafirita uye tributary mafirita haagone kushandiswa zvakasiyana muzvigadzirwa chaizvo. Mune zvenguva pfupi prototypes, AC mafirita anogona kushandiswa kutsiva kwechinguva DC mafirita; zvisinei, mafirita eDC haafanire kushandiswa mumamiriro e AC. Iyo sefa cutoff frequency yeDC sefa kusvika pasi capacitance yakaderera, uye AC ikozvino inoburitsa kurasikirwa kukuru pairi.

253

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Dzivisa kushandisa electrostatic sensitive midziyo. Iyo electrostatic sensitivity yechinhu chakasarudzwa kazhinji haisi pasi pe2000V. Zvikasadaro, nyatsofunga uye gadzira anti-static nzira. Panyaya yechimiro, zvinodikanwa kuti uwane yakanaka yekubatanidza yepasi uye kutora inodiwa yekuisa kana kudzivirira matanho ekuvandudza iyo anti-static kugona yemuchina wese.

254

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Kune maviri akakomberedzwa akadzivirirwa, chiratidzo chemazuva ano chinoyerera pane maviri emukati makondakita uye ruzha rwezvino runoyerera mumudziyo wekudzivirira, nokudaro kubvisa kubatanidzwa kweiyo impedance yakajairika, uye chero kupindira kunozonzwika kune maviri conductor panguva imwe chete, zvichiita kuti ruzha rwukanzure mumwe nemumwe.

255

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Matambo akamonyoroka asina kuvharidzirwa ane simba rakaderera rekuramba kubatana kwe electrostatic. Nekudaro, ivo vachiri nemhedzisiro yakanaka mukudzivirira magnetic field induction. Iyo shielding effect yeasina kuvharidzirwa akamonyoroka tambo tambo inoenzana nenhamba yekumonereka pahurefu hweyuniti yewaya.

256

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Coaxial tambo ine yakawedzera yunifomu hunhu impedance uye yakaderera kurasikirwa, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nani hunhu kubva kuDC kuenda kuVHF.

257

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Usashandise yakakwirira-kumhanya logic maseketi kwaanogona kudziviswa

258

Sarudzo yemidziyo

Paunenge uchisarudza michina inonzwisisika, edza kusarudza michina ine nguva yekusimuka yakareba kupfuura 5ns, uye usasarudza logic zvishandiso zvinokurumidza kupfuura nguva inodiwa nedunhu.

259

maitiro

Kana akawanda maturusi akabatanidzwa semagetsi sisitimu, kuitira kubvisa kupindira kunokonzerwa neiyo pasi loop magetsi, isolation transformers, neutralization transformers, optocouplers uye differential amplifier common mode inputs inoshandiswa pakuzviparadzanisa nevamwe.

260

maitiro

Ziva zvigadziriso zvekuvhiringidza uye maseketi ekuvhiringidza: Munzvimbo yekutanga-kumira kana kumhanya, zvishandiso kana maseketi ane hombe yemagetsi shanduko dV/dt uye ikozvino shanduko di/dt midziyo yekukanganisa kana maseketi ekuvhiringidza.

261

maitiro

Isa yakadzika conductive layer pakati pe membrane keyboard dunhu uye iri padyo nedunhu rakatarisana nayo.

262

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

PCB wiring uye dhizaini yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe: yakasimba uye isina kusimba ikozvino yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, yakakura uye diki voltage yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, yakakwira uye yakaderera frequency kuparadzaniswa, kuisa uye kubuda kwega, yedhijitari analog yekuzviparadzanisa, kupinza uye kubuda yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, muganho chiyero chiyero chimwe chehukuru mutsauko. Nzira dzekuzviparadzanisa nadzo dzinosanganisira: kudzivirira, nhovo imwe kana yese yakazvimirira, kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo, uye kupatsanurwa kwepasi.

263

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Ribhoni tambo isina kuvharwa. Iyo yakanakisa wiring nzira ndeyekuchinjanisa chiratidzo uye waya dzepasi. Iyo yakaderera nzira ndeye kushandisa imwe pasi waya, mbiri dzechiratidzo waya, uye ipapo imwe pasi waya, zvichingodaro, kana kushandisa yakatsaurirwa pasi ndiro.

264

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Signal cable shielding guidelines: 1 Shandisa yakamonyoroka peya kana yakatsaurirwa yekunze yakavharidzirwa peya yakamonyoroka kuitira kupindira kwakasimba kwechiratidzo chekufambisa. 2 Waya dzakadzivirirwa dzinofanirwa kushandiswa kumagetsi eDC; 3 Waya dzakamonyoroka dzinofanirwa kushandiswa kutambo dzemagetsi eAC; 4 Yese mitsetse yechiratidzo / mitsara yemagetsi inopinda munzvimbo yekudzivirira inofanira kusefa. 5 Migumo miviri yewaya dzose dzine nhovo (masheath) inofanira kubatana zvakanaka nepasi. Chero bedzi pasina chinokuvadza chinodzika loop chinogadzirwa, ese matambo nhoo dzinofanirwa kudzikwa pamativi ese ari maviri. Kune tambo refu kwazvo, panofanirawo kunge paine nzvimbo yekugadzika pakati. 6 Mumasekete akadzikama akadzikama, kuitira kuti abvise kupindira kunogona kuitika muchiuno chevhu, dunhu rega rega rinofanira kunge riine waya yaro yega uye yakadzivirirwa pasi.

265

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Waya yakavharidzirwa pedyo nesimbi pasi peplate musimboti: Tambo dzese dzakavharidzirwa dzinofanirwa kuiswa padyo nerata resimbi kudzivirira simba remagineti kuti risapfuure nepa loop inoumbwa nesimbi pasi uye sheath yewaya inodzivirira.

266

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Mapuragi edunhu akadhindwa anofanirwawo kuve akashongedzerwa newaya dzakawanda zero-volt sekuparadzaniswa kwemutsara

267

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Nzira yakanakisa yekudzikisa iyo loop nzvimbo yekuvhiringidza uye maseketi anonzwisa tsitsi ndeye kushandisa dzakamonyoroka waya uye akavharidzirwa waya.

268

Tambo uye zvinongedzo

Twisted pair inoshanda zvakanyanya pane isingasviki 100KHz, uye inogumira pama frequency epamusoro nekuda kwekusaenzana kwemaitiro impedance uye mhedzisiro ye waveform kuratidza.