A transistor chinhu semiconductor mudziyo. Inogona kuita kuti zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvisimbe kana kuzvibatisa nekudzima. Iwe unogona kuzvifunga senge switch yemwenje. Chiito chidiki chinogona kudzora kuyerera kwakakura kwemagetsi. Transistors inoshanda sema switch uye amplifiers. Vanokutendera kuti udzore mafungu mahombe kana mavoltages ane kachiratidzo kadiki. Zvikamu zvidiki izvi zviri kwese kwese. Foni yako nekombuta zvinoda mabhiriyoni ematransistors kuti ashande.
Processor | Transistor Count Estimate |
|---|---|
Apple A17 | Inenge yakapetwa kaviri seKirin 9000 |
HiSilicon Kirin 9000 | Mashoma transistors pane Apple A17 |
Chii chinonzi Transistor
tsananguro
Transistor inoshanda segedhi diki mune zvemagetsi. Inobatsira kudzora kuti magetsi anofamba sei mudunhu. Muchina uyu unogona kuita kuti zviratidzo zvisimbe kana kuzvibatisa nekudzima. Mukati, mune matatu akaturikidzana akagadzirwa kubva semiconductor zvinhu. Ma layers aya kumisikidza sePNP kana NPN. Chikamu chepakati ndicho chikamu chekutonga. Kana iwe ukashandura iyo yekuisa pano, inoshandura ikozvino mune mamwe maseru.
Transistors ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:
Emitter
hwaro
Collector
Voltage diki kana ikozvino pabhesi inodzora hombe iripo pakati peemitter uye muunganidzi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero transistors zvakakosha mune zvemagetsi. Unoawana mumudziyo wese wemazuva ano.
Zano: Funga nezve transistor semuchengeti wegedhi. Chiratidzo chidiki chinozvitaurira kana simba guru richifanira kuyerera.
Transistors inogona kuita kuti chiratidzo chive chakasimba. Simba rinobuda rinogona kuva rakawanda kudarika simba rekuisa. Ndokusaka maredhiyo, makomputa, uye mafoni anoshandisa transistors.
Iyo transistor inoshandisa semiconductor zvinhu.
Iine materminals matatu ekubatanidza kudunhu.
Doping inoshandura semiconductor kuitira kuti transistor ishande zvakanaka.
Basa Mumatunhu
Transistors vanoita mabasa mazhinji muanalogi uye dhijitari maseketi. Ivo vanogona kuita masaini akasimba, chinja mafungu, uye kuvaka magedhi anonzwisisika. Mumaseketi analogi, ma transistors anowedzera masaini asina simba. Semuenzaniso, vatauri vanoshandisa transistors kuita kuti mimhanzi iwedzere. Mumaseketi edhijitari, ma transistors anoshanda sema switch. Vanobatidza nekudzima masaini kuitira kuti makomputa akwanise kugadzirisa ruzivo.
Heino tafura inoratidza mashandiro anoita transistors mumhando dzakasiyana dzemaseketi:
Circuit Type | Mabatiro Akakosha eTransistors | Mienzaniso yeMaapplication |
|---|---|---|
Analog | Kuwedzera | Audio amplifiers, RF transmitters |
mupise | Signal kusefa masekete | |
Kugadziridza | AM/FM kutumira | |
Digital | Logic Masuo | UYE, KANA, KWETE masuwo |
Switching | Motor controllers, microprocessors |
Transistors akachinja zvemagetsi nenzira huru. Kare, vanhu vaishandisa vacuum chubhu. Machubhu aya aive akakura uye aishandisa simba rakawanda. Bell Labs payakagadzira transistor muna 1947, masekete akava madiki uye akashanda zvirinani. Iye zvino, maseketi akasanganiswa ane akawanda transistors pamwechete. Izvi zvakaita kuti makomputa, mafoni, uye kufamba kwemuchadenga kugoneke.
Ongorora: Iyo Apollo 11 lunar module yaive yakasanganiswa maseketi ane transistors. Izvi zvakabatsira vanoongorora muchadenga kuti vamhanye pamwedzi zvisina njodzi.
Matransistors anobatsira kugadzira midziyo nekukurumidza, diki, uye kushandisa simba shoma. Iwe unoshandisa transistors paunoshandisa Calculator, teerera mimhanzi, kana kutumira mameseji.
Mashandiro eTransistors
Chinja Basa
Transistors zviri mukati mezvinhu zvakawanda zvaunoshandisa mazuva ese. Iwe hauvaoni, asi ivo varipo. Ivo vanoita senge tudiki switch mumidziyo yako. Paunodzvanya bhatani pafoni yako, ma transistors anobatsira kubatidza kana kudzima zvinhu. Funga nezve transistor sepombi. Kana ukavhura pombi, mvura inoyerera. Kana ukaivhara, mvura inomira. Mumagetsi, ma transistors anodzora mafambiro azvino, senge pombi inodzora mvura.
Transistors inoshanda sema switch munzira mbiri huru. Imwe nzira inonzi cutoff mode. Mune iyi modhi, iyo transistor yakafanana neyakavhurika switch. Hapana ikozvino inofamba pakati pemuunganidzi uye emitter. Imwe nzira inonzi saturation mode. Pano, transistor yakaita sevhavha yakavharwa. Iyo yakanyanya ikozvino inoyerera kuburikidza nayo. Iyi yekubatidza nekudzima chiito inoita kuti udzore masaini emagetsi mumaseketi.
Zano: Transistors inogona kushandura nekukurumidza uye kuita kanenge pasina ruzha. Ndosaka magetsi matsva achiashandisa pane ma switch ekare.
Heano dzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu chaihwo uko ma transistors anoita senge switch:
Macomputer processors anoashandisa kushandura nekukurumidza.
Ivo vanobatsira kudzora relay mumotokari nemichina yekumba.
Transistor switch idiki, yakareruka, uye yakachipa, saka iri munenge mune yese mudziyo.
Kana iwe ukatumira diki voltage kunheyo ye NPN transistor, inobatidza. Ipapo ikozvino inogona kuyerera. Kana iwe ukabvisa voltage, iyo transistor inodzima. Izvi zvinokutendera kudzora mafungu makuru nemasaini madiki.
Amplifier Basa
Transistors inogonawo kuita kuti zviratidzo zvisina simba zvisimbe. Iwe unoashandisa seamplifiers. Semuenzaniso, paunoridza mimhanzi, ma transistors anosimudzira ruzha kuti unzwe. Muredhiyo, ma transistors anoita kuti chiratidzo cheantenna chive chakasimba zvakakwana kuti uteerere.
Chiratidzo chidiki chinopinda mujinga kana gedhi re transistor. Ichi chiratidzo chidiki chinodzora ikozvino hombe kubva kumuunganidzi kuenda kune emitter. Chiratidzo chinobuda chinova chakasimba zvakakwana kune vatauri kana mahedhifoni. Iwe unoona izvi mumagitare pedals. Transistor imwe chete inoita kuti gitare risina simba riwedzere kunzwika.
Cherechedza: Transistor inoda voltage chaiyo kuti ishande seamplifier. Izvi zvinonzi kurerekera divi rimwe chete. Iyo base-emitter chikamu chinofanira kunge chine 0.6V kusvika 0.7V yesilicon transistors. Iyo yekuunganidza-emitter voltage inofanirwa kunge yakakwira zvakakwana kuti chiratidzo chifambe kumusoro nekudzika.
Heino tafura inoratidza huwandu hwekuwana kune yakajairwa emitter amplifier:
Gain Type | Minimum Gain | Kunonyanyisa Gain |
|---|---|---|
Common Emitter Amplifier | -5.32 | -218 |
Iwe unowana ma transistors mugiya rekuteerera, kwavanosimudzira maikorofoni masaini pasina kuwedzera ruzha. Ivo zvakare vanobatsira nekudzora toni, kukubvumira kuti uchinje bass, midrange, uye treble.
Current Control
Transistors inokubatsira iwe kudzora kuti ingani ikozvino inofamba mudunhu. Iwe unoashandisa kubata ikozvino pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemudziyo. Imwe neimwe transistor ine matatu materminals. Kune BJT, aya emitter, base, uye muunganidzi. Kune FET, iwo sosi, gedhi, uye dhizaini.
Heano maitiro transistors anodzora ikozvino uye voltage:
Iwe unotumira diki ikozvino kuzasi kweBJT kana voltage kugedhi reFET.
Iyi diki yekupinza inodzora yakakura kwazvo ikozvino kubva muunganidzi kuenda kune emitter kana kubva kudhiraini kuenda kunobva.
Unogona kubatidza kana kudzima transistor nekushandura iyo yekuisa, sekutenderedza pombi kudzora mvura.
Zano: Kubatana pakati pechigadziko chazvino uye muunganidzi parizvino muBJT kwakakosha. Iyo diki base ikozvino inogona kudzora yakakura kwazvo muunganidzi ikozvino. Izvi zvinonzi amplification, uye zvinoratidza kuti transistors inodzora masaini.
Transistors anoshandisa semiconductor zvinhu kushanda. Semiconductors inokutendera kuti udzore voltage uye ikozvino zvakanyanya. Iwe unoona izvi mumakomputa, mafoni, uye kunyangwe mumidziyo yemuchadenga.
Paunoshandisa transistors, unogona kudzora voltage uye ikozvino munzira dzakawanda. Iwe unogona kushandura masaini, kuita kuti ave akasimba, kana kutonga simba mudunhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti transistors zvive zvikamu zvikuru zvemagetsi emazuva ano.
Transistor Zvikamu
Makiyi Makuru
Yese transistor ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita chinhu chakakosha. Zvikamu izvi zvinoshanda pamwechete kufambisa magetsi mumidziyo.
chikamu | tsananguro |
|---|---|
Emitter | Inotumira maerekitironi, ine doping yakawanda, yakagadzirwa nemhangura kana aluminium. |
hwaro | Inodzora kuyerera, ine doping shoma, inoita kuti maerekitironi afambe kubva kune emitter kuenda kune muunganidzi. |
Collector | Inounganidza maerekitironi, akakura kupfuura emitter uye base, ine imwe doping, yakagadzirwa nesilicon kana aluminium. |
Iyo emitter inopa maerekitironi kana maburi. Nheyo yacho itete uye inodzora kuyerera. Chete vashoma vanochaja vatakuri vanogona kupfuura nepasi. Muunganidzi anotora maerekitironi kana maburi kubva kune emitter. Saizi uye zvinhu zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe zvinoshandura kuti transistor inoshanda sei. Paunoshandisa transistor sechinjo, hwaro hunosarudza kana ikozvino inofamba kubva kune emitter kuenda kune muunganidzi. Seamplifier, chiratidzo chidiki pazasi chinoita chiratidzo chikuru pane muunganidzi.
Zano: Mamisikirwo aunoita zvikamu izvi uye izvo zvazvinogadzirwa zvinosarudza kana transistor inoshanda senge switch kana amplifier.
Semiconductor Material
Transistors vanoshandisa zvakakosha zvinhu zvinonzi semiconductors. Zvinhu izvi zvinobatsira kudzora magetsi. Silicon ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa semiconductor. Iwe unowana silicon munenge mune yega yega mudziyo wemagetsi nekuti yakachipa uye inoshanda nemazvo.
Heano zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kune transistors:
Germanium yakatanga kushandiswa semiconductors.
Silicon yakave yakakurumbira muma1950s nekuti iri nyore kuwana uye inoshanda zvirinani.
Gallium arsenide inoshandiswa kukurumidza magetsi, asi yakaoma kugadzira.
Silicon yakanaka nekuti inobata kupisa uye iri nyore kuwana. Germanium yakabatsira ma transistors ekutanga asi inonyungudika zviri nyore uye haina kugadzikana. Gallium arsenide iri nani kune maseketi anomhanya kwazvo, seaya ari mumasetelliti kana maseru tower.
Izvo zvinhu zvaunosarudza zvinoshandura kukurumidza uye zvakanaka transistor yako inoshanda. Zvishandiso zvine mufambiro wakakwira ngazvifambe nekukurumidza, saka zvishandiso zvinomhanya nekukurumidza. Zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva, semagineti semiconductors, zvinogona kutochengeta ndangariro mukati me transistor.
Ongorora: Rudzi rwe semiconductor yaunotora inogona kuita kuti zvishandiso nekukurumidza, zvidiki, uye zvakasimba.
Mhando dzeTransistors
Transistors vane zvimiro zvakasiyana uye marudzi. Zvizhinji zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mhando mbiri huru. Mhando imwe neimwe inoita basa rinokosha. Kudzidza nezvavo kunokubatsira kuziva mashandiro anoita michina.
BJT
Imwe mhando huru ndeye bipolar junction transistor. Vanhu vanoidaidza kuti BJT muchidimbu. Transistor iyi inoshandisa maerekitironi nemakomba kufamba ikozvino. Iwe unoidzora nekutumira diki ikozvino kune base. BJTs dzakanakira kugadzira masaini asina simba. Vanobatsirawo kuchinja zvinhu nekudzima.
Heino tafura ine akakosha maficha eBJTs:
mamirire | tsananguro |
|---|---|
Collector cut-off current (ICBO) | Ikozvino muunganidzi kana voltage iripo uye emitter yakavhurika. |
Emitter cut-off ikozvino (IEBO) | Ikozvino mune emitter kana voltage iripo uye muunganidzi akavhurika. |
DC ikozvino kuwana (hFE) | Muunganidzi wezvino akakamurwa ne base current kana emitter yaiswa pasi. |
Muunganidzi-emitter saturation voltage (VCE (sat)) | Voltage kana transistor yakazara pasi pemamwe mamiriro. |
Base-emitter saturation voltage (VBE(sat)) | Voltage pakati pe base uye emitter pakuzara mune mamwe mamiriro. |
Transition frequency (fT) | Frequency uko kuwana ikozvino 1 ine emitter yakavakirwa. |
Collector kubuda capacitance (Cob) | Collector-base capacitance kuyerwa pane mamwe mamiriro. |
Noise nhamba (NF) | Reshiyo yechiratidzo-ku-ruzha pakupinza uye kubuda, inowanikwa neformula. |
Iwe unoona BJTs munzvimbo dzakawanda:
Amplifiers
Oscillators
Low voltage switching
Common-collector amplifier (emitter muteveri)
Common-emitter amplifier
Common-base amplifier
Kushandura dunhu
Zano: Kana uchida kugadzira a simple amplifier, iwe ungangoshandisa bipolar junction transistor.
FET
Imwe mhando huru ndeye munda-effect transistor. Iwe unodzora iyi transistor nemagetsi. MaFET anoshandisa imwe chete mhando yekuchaja mutakuri. Vanoshandisa simba shoma pane BJTs. Iwe unowana munda-maitiro transistors mumadhijitari maseketi uye logic magedhi.
Heino tafura inoenzanisa munda-effect transistors uye BJTs:
mamiriro | FETs | BJTs |
|---|---|---|
Type Control | Voltage controlled | Current controlled |
Current Gain | Low | High |
Voltage Gain | High | Low |
Kuchinja Speed | zvinenge | nzira |
Power Consumption | Low | High |
Temperature Coefficient | Positive | Negative |
zera | Muduku | Mukuru |
Input Impedance | High | Low |
Applications | Low voltage applications | Zvishandiso zvakaderera zvazvino |
Manufacturing Cost | Yakakwirira | Pasi |
Kune marudzi maviri akajairika emunda-effect transistors:
Mhando yeFET | tsananguro | Mashandisiro Akajairika |
|---|---|---|
JFET | Iyo yakapfava FET ine chiteshi chinodzorwa negedhi rakagadzirwa kubva pn junction. | Inoshandiswa mune amplifiers uye switch nekuda kweiyo yakakwira yekupinza impedance. |
Mosfet | Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa FET ine insulated gedhi rekudzora simba rakaderera. | Inowanikwa mumaseketi edhijitari, magetsi emagetsi, uye magedhi anonzwisisika. |
Ongorora: Shanda-effect transistors inobatsira zvishandiso zvako kushanda nekukurumidza uye kushandisa shoma simba. Unozviwana mumakombiyuta, mafoni, uye motokari.
Imwe neimwe transistor mhando ine basa rayo. Mamwe akanakisa pakuita masaini akasimba. Zvimwe zvakanaka kushandura zvinhu nekukurumidza. Kuziva mutsauko kunobatsira iwe kusarudza iyo chaiyo transistor yepurojekiti yako.
Kukosha kweTransistors
Impact paTekinoroji
MaTransistors achinja nyika yaunogara. Zvishandiso zvidiki izvi zvakaita kuti tekinoroji ive nani uye kuve nyore kushandisa. Masayendisiti paakagadzira transistor yekutanga muna 1947, yakatanga mazano matsva mazhinji. Pamberi pe transistors, vanhu vaishandisa vacuum chubhu. Machubhu evacuum aive akakura uye akatsemuka zvakanyanya. Transistors yakaita kuti magetsi ave madiki uye akavimbika.
Transistors vakabatsira kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvidiki zvikuru. Iye zvino wave nemakomputa, mafoni, uye smart wachi nekuda kwavo.
Nguva yedhijitari yakatanga nema transistors. Vanotitendera kuchengeta uye kushandisa ruzivo rwakawanda.
Transistors vakatora nzvimbo yevacuum chubhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvinhu zvive nani mukukurukurirana, varaidzo, hutano, uye sainzi.
Artificial intelligence uye Internet yezvinhu zvinoda transistors. Idzi nzvimbo dzinoramba dzichikura sezvo ma transistors anowedzera kudiki uye akasimba.
Iwe unogona kuona kuti transistors yakachinja sei zvinhu nekutarisa panguva idzi huru:
Gore | Rinokosha | tsananguro |
|---|---|---|
1947 | Kutanga Transistor | Bell Labs masayendisiti akaita yekutanga kushanda transistor. |
1955 | Surface Passivation | Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira akawanda maseketi akabatanidzwa. |
1959 | Kutanga MOSFET | Iye zvino zviuru zve transistors zvinogona kukwana pane imwe chip. |
1963 | Kugadzirwa kweCMOS | Izvi zvakabatsira kugadzira makomputa machipisi uye ndangariro yemakomputa. |
Mazuva ese Anoshandiswa
Iwe unoshandisa transistors nguva dzese, kunyangwe iwe usingaone. Ivo vari mukati mechinhu chose chemagetsi kumba kana kuchikoro. Heino mimwe mienzaniso:
Makomputa ane mamirioni kana mabhiriyoni ematransistors mumachipisi awo.
Mafonifoni anoshandisa transistors kushanda nekukurumidza uye kuchengetedza mafoto ako nemaapuro.
Terevhizheni inoda ma transistors kuti zviratidzo zvisimbe uye kuchinja machanera.
Maredhiyo anoshandisa transistors kuita ruzha uye kukubatsira kutora zviteshi.
Digital makamera ane transistors muma sensors avo uye machipisi.
Machipisi emazuva ano anogona kuva nemabhiriyoni ematransistors. Mamwe machipisi matsva ane anopfuura mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu. Nhamba ye transistors muCPU inogona kuva mamiriyoni kana mabhiriyoni, zvichienderana nokuti inoshandiswa sei.
Pese paunotumira mameseji, kuona vhidhiyo, kana kutamba mutambo, unoshandisa transistors. Izvi zvikamu zvidiki zvinoita kuti midziyo yako yaunofarira ishande.
Transistors inoshandura hupenyu hwako munzira dzakawanda. Iwe unovawana mune yega yega dhijitari yaunoshandisa.
Transistors inobatsira makomputa kushanda nekubatidza ON uye OFF nekukurumidza.
Vanoita kuti zviratidzo zvisina simba zvisimbe kuitira kuti unzwe mimhanzi kana manzwi zviri nani.
Vanochengeta simba rakachengeteka mumashini akawanda.
Vanoshandura simba rebhatiri kuita simba raunogona kushandisa.
Transistors inobatsira kuita kuti zvishandiso zvidiki uye nekukurumidza. Vanoitawo kuti vashande zviri nani.
Vakatanga zera redhijitari uye vakabatsira tekinoroji kukura mukurapa, kutaurirana, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Paunoshandisa foni yako kana komputa, rangarira kuti transistors inobatsira kushanda.
FAQ
Chii chinoita transistor mufoni yako?
Transistor inobvumira foni yako kugadzirisa ruzivo uye kuchengeta data. Inochinja masaini nekudzima nekukurumidza. Iwe unoshandisa transistors pese paunovhura app kana kutumira meseji.
Sei ma transistors achiita midziyo midiki?
Matransistors anotora nzvimbo shoma pane yekare vacuum chubhu. Unogona anokodzera mabhiriyoni awo pa chip. Izvi zvinokubatsira kutakura midziyo ine simba muhomwe yako.
Unogona here kuwana transistors muzvinhu zvemazuva ese?
Ehe! Maona transistors mumakomputa, maTV, maredhiyo, uye kunyange matoyi. Vanobatsira zvishandiso izvi kushanda zviri nani uye kushandisa simba shoma.
Unoziva sei kana transistor iri kushanda?
Iwe unogona kuedza transistor ne multimeter. Kana iwe ukaona iyo chaiyo voltage pakati pematerminals, yako transistor inoshanda. Kana zvisina kudaro, ungangoda kuitsiva.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peBJT neFET?
mhando | Controlled By | Kushandisa Kwakajairika |
|---|---|---|
BJT | zvemazuvano | Amplifiers |
FET | Voltage | Digital circuits |
Zano: Iwe unotora BJT yezviratidzo zvakasimba. Iwe unosarudza FET yekukurumidza kushandura.
